Burgers-Mohr Model
A viscoplastic model in FLAC3D is characterized by a visco-elasto-plastic deviatoric behavior and an elasto-plastic volumetric behavior. The viscoelastic and viscoplastic strain-rate components are assumed to act in series. The viscoelastic constitutive law corresponds to a Burgers model (Kelvin cell in series with a Maxwell component), and the plastic constitutive law corresponds to a Mohr-Coulomb model.
As a notation convention in this section, we use the symbols \(S_{ij}\) and \(e_{ij}\) to denote deviatoric stress and strain components:
where
and
Also, Kelvin, Maxwell, and plastic contributions to stresses and strains are labeled using the superscripts .K, .M and .p, respectively. With those conventions, the model deviatoric behavior may be described by the following relations.
Strain rate partitioning:
Kelvin:
Maxwell:
Mohr-Coulomb:
In turn, the volumetric behavior is given by
In those formulas, the properties \(K\) and \(G\) are the bulk and shear moduli, and \(\eta\) is the viscosity. The Mohr-Coulomb yield envelope is a composite of shear and tensile criteria. The yield criterion is \(f\) = 0, and in the principal axes formulation we have:
Shear yielding:
Tension yielding:
where \(C\) is the material cohesion, \(\phi\) the friction, \(N_{\phi}=(1+\sin \phi )/(1-\sin \phi )\), \(\sigma ^t\) is the tensile strength, and \(\sigma_1\) and \(\sigma_3\) are the minimum and maximum principal stresses (compression negative). The potential function \(g\) has the following form:
Shear failure:
Tension failure:
where \(\psi\) is the material dilation, and \(N_{\psi} =(1+\sin \psi )/(1-\sin \psi )\). Finally, \(\lambda ^{*}\) is a parameter that is nonzero during plastic flow only, which is determined by application of the plastic yield condition \(f\) = 0.
The model implementation closely follows the procedures described in the FLAC3D manual for the Burgers-creep and Mohr-Coulomb models. The principle is to write Equation (5) to (10) in the form of finite increments:
where the overbar indicates mean value over the timestep \(\Delta t\):
and the superscripts .N and .O denote new and old values.
After substitution of Equations (19) and (20) in Equation (16), and solving for \(e_{ij}^{K,N}\), the Kelvin strain contribution may be expressed in the form
where
After substitution of Equations (17) and (21) in Equation (15) and solving for the new deviatoric stress component, we find (using the mean value definitions in Equations (19) and (20))
where
and Equation (21) is used as an evolution law to evaluate \(e_{ij}^{K,O}\) in Equations (24). For completeness, Equation (18) is written in the form
In the model implementation in FLAC3D, new trial stress components \(\widehat{S_{ij}^N}\) and \(\widehat{\sigma_0^N}\) are computed from Equations (24) and (27), assuming viscoelastic increments. Trial principal stress components are calculated and sorted, and the yield function is computed. As long as \(f \geq\) 0, the trial stresses are taken for new stresses. If \(f <\) 0, plastic flow is taking place and the trial stresses must be corrected by a component due to incremental plastic strain before their value is assigned to the new stresses and the evolution law is updated. Expressing as Equations (24) and (27) in principal axes, we may then write, by definition of trial stresses:
or, using the definition for deviatoric components:
where
Except for the definitions of \(\alpha_1\) and \(\alpha_2\), these formulas are similar to those obtained in the Mohr-Coulomb model derivation. The plasticity formulation may proceed along similar lines. In doing so, for shear yielding we obtain:
with
and for tensile yielding:
with
Finally, new global stress components are calculated, assuming that the principal directions have not been affected by the occurrence of plastic flow.
The square root of the second invariant and the modulus of the first invariant of incremental plastic-strain tensor are used as incremental contributions to measure the amount of plastic strain associated with shear and tensile failure, respectively (see the corresponding expression in strain-softening model).
By default, both Maxwell and Kelvin viscosity properties, \(\eta ^M\) and \(\eta^K\), are infinite (although stored as zero in FLAC3D’s property arrays). Note that if the default value for \(\eta ^K\) is adopted, then the model assumes that \(G^K\) = 0, even if a different value has been assigned to that property. The default value for \(G^K\) is zero and the default value for \(G^M\) is 10-20, irrespective of the system of units adopted.
The default value for the timestep is zero, in which case the program treats the material as elasto-plastic, with only the elastic part of the Maxwell cell active.
If the stresses are changed in a FLAC3D model with the zone initialize
command,
the internal Kelvin strains, \(e^K_{ij}\), will not be compatible with them and movement
will occur until the strains adjust. To avoid this incompatibility, the internal strains may be
set to reflect the current values of stresses. The internal Kelvin strains, \(e^K_{ij}\),
are available for user inspection and modification as zone property
variables:
strain-kelvin-xx, strain-kelvin-yy, etc. An example FISH function to perform
this step is given here. This function should be invoked
immediately following initialization of stresses.
burgers-mohr Model Properties
Use the following keywords with the zone property
command to set these properties of the Burgers-Mohr model.
- burgers-mohr
- bulk f
bulk modulus, K
- cohesion f
cohesion, c
- dilation f
dilation angle in degrees, ψ
- friction f
internal friction angle in degrees, ϕ
- shear-kelvin f
Kelvin shear modulus, GK
- shear-maxwell f
shear modulus, GM
- strain-kelvin-xx f
Kelvin strain, eKxx
- strain-kelvin-xy f
Kelvin strain, eKxy
- strain-kelvin-xz f
Kelvin strain, eKxz
- strain-kelvin-yy f
Kelvin strain, eKyy
- strain-kelvin-yz f
Kelvin strain, eKyz
- strain-kelvin-zz f
Kelvin strain, eKzz
- tension f
tension limit σt. The default is zero.
- viscosity-kelvin f
Kelvin viscosity, ηK
- viscosity-maxwell f
Maxwell dynamic viscosity, ηM
- strain-shear-plastic f
[read only] accumulated plastic shear strain
- strain-tensile-plastic f
[read only] accumulated plastic tensile strain
- Notes:
- Only one of the two options is required to define the elasticity: bulk modulus K and shear modulus G, or Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio v.
- The tension cut-off is σt = min (σt, c/tanϕ).
- The creep behavior is triggered by deviatoric stress, while the volumetric behavior does not consider creep.
- If the stresses are changed in a FLAC3D model with the
zone initialize
command, the internal Kelvin strains, eKij, will not be compatible with them, and movement will occur until the strains adjust. To avoid this incompatibility, the internal strains may be set to reflect the current values of stresses. The internal Kelvin strains, eKij, are available for user inspection and modification. An example FISH function is SetKStrain.f3fis. This function should be invoked immediately following initialization of stresses.
Footnote
Read only properties cannot be set by the user. However, they may be listed, plotted, or accessed through FISH.
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