Falling Wedge

Problem Statement

Note

The project file for this example may be viewed/run in 3DEC.[1] The main data files used are shown at the end of this example.

The stability of a rock wedge in the roof of an excavation is analyzed. This problem takes into account the stabilizing effect of the in-situ stresses, and also shows the influence of joint stiffness.

A roof wedge is created by three joints dipping at 60° and with dip directions of 30°, 150°, and 270°. The height of the wedge is 1 meter. An in-situ state of stress has two principal stresses parallel to the excavation roof (equal to −0.05 MPa); the vertical principal stress is zero.

Analytical Solution

Aclosed-form solution of the support force for stabilization of the wedge in the roof of an excavation was derived by Goodman et al. (1982), and is given by the equation

\[{A_0 \over W}= 1-\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}{{\sigma_{n,i}A_i\sin(\phi_i-\alpha_i)(k_{s,i}/k_{n,i}) \left[\cos\alpha_i \cos i_i +\tan\alpha_i \sin(\alpha_i-i_i) \right]} \over{W\cos\phi_i} (k_{s,i}/k_{n,i}) \left[\cos\alpha_i \cos i_i +\tan\phi_i \sin(\alpha_i-i_i) \right]}\]

where:

\(n\) = is the number of faces on the block;

\(_i\) = the index denoting the face of the block;

\(A_0\) = required force to stabilize the wedge;

\(W\) = weight of the wedge;

\(\sigma_{n,i}\) = normal stress acting on the \(i\)th face of the wedge;

\(A_i\) = the area of the face of the wedge;

\(\phi_i\) = the friction angle on the face of the wedge;

\(\alpha_i\) = the complement of the dip angle of the joint which creates the face;

\(k_{si}\) = shear stiffness of the joint;

\(k_{ni}\) = normal stiffness of the joint; and

\(i_i\) = roughness angle of the joint.

For this particular case, where

  1. all joints have the same dip angle,

  2. the initial stress state in the plane parallel to free face of the block is hydrostatic, and

  3. all joints have the same ratio between normal and shear stiffness,

the friction coefficient (equal in all joints) required for stability of the wedge without any support can be expressed from the equation above as follows:

\[\tan \phi = { W+\sigma_n\sum A_i \sin\alpha \over \sigma_n\sum A_i \sin\alpha-W\tan\alpha}\]

The critical friction coefficient (and friction angle) is calculated using the FISH function _limit, listed in data file “FALL.FIS”. (It is assumed that three joints form a block, and their dip directions are not 120°.)

3DEC Model

The 3DEC model shown in Figure 1 consists of seven rigid blocks. Six of the blocks are fixed, and only the isolated wedge is allowed to move under gravity. The mechanical properties are:

density: \(\rho\) = 2000 kg/m3

joint shear and normal stiffness: \(K_n\) = \(K_s\) = 10 MPa/m

gravity acceleration: \(g\) = 10 m/sec2

The numerical simulation is performed by first fixing all the blocks surrounding the wedge and assigning the in-situ stress state. The friction coefficient is then reduced until failure occurs.

Results and Discussion

The 3DEC simulation yields a 34.402° friction angle (required for stability of the wedge) which is, within five significant digits, the same value as the analytic solution for the critical friction angle. The failure of the wedge is indicated in Figure 1.

../../../../_images/fall-blocks.png

Figure 1: Falling wedge model.

../../../../_images/fall-vel.png

Figure 2: History of vertical velocity of the wedge.

Reference

Goodman, R. E., G.-H. Shi and W. Boyle. “Calculations of Support for Hard, Jointed Rock Using the Keyblock Principal,” in Issues in Rock Mechanics (Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium on Rock Mechanics, University of California, Berkeley, August 1982), pp. 883-898. New York: Society of Mining Engineers (1982).

Data Files

fall.dat

;===================================================
; verification test -- falling wedge
; zero cohesion on the joints, equal friction angle
;===================================================
model new
model large-strain on

program call 'fall.fis'
[_limit]

block create brick -2 2 -2 2 -1 1

block cut joint-set
block cut joint-set dip 60  dip-direction  30  origin 0 0 1
block cut joint-set dip 60  dip-direction 150  origin 0 0 1
block cut joint-set dip 60  dip-direction 270  origin 0 0 1
block delete range position-z -1,0
block group 'wedge' range position-x -0.2,0.2 position-y -0.2,0.2 ...
  position-z 0.0,0.3 
;
block property density=2e-3

; thistory will create subcontacts
block insitu stress -0.05 -0.05 0 0 0 0

block contact jmodel assign mohr
block contact property stiffness-normal 10 stiffness-shear 10 friction 89 
block contact material-table default property stiffness-normal 10 ...
                                     stiffness-shear 10 friction 34.4

model gravity 0 0 -10

block fix range position-x -2.0 2.0 position-y -2.0 2.0 position-z 0.3 1.0

block hide range group 'wedge' not
block history velocity-z position -0.5774,-1,0  
history name '1' label 'Z Velocity of Wedge'

block hide off
model cycle 200

; set friction to 34.402
block contact property friction=34.402
model cycle 400
model save 'fall_stable'

; set friction to 34.401
block contact property friction=34.401
model cycle 200
[analytic]
model save 'fall'
program return

fall.fis

fish define params
  global height_ = 1.0
  global alpha_ = 60.0
  global sigma_ = 0.05
  global unitweight_ = 0.02
end
[params]

fish define _limit
  alpha_ = (90.-alpha_)*math.degrad
  local w_     = 0.5*math.sqrt(3)*height_^3* ...
                                  math.tan(alpha_)* ...
                                  math.tan(alpha_)*unitweight_
  local a_     = 1.5*math.sqrt(3)*height_^2*math.tan(alpha_)/math.cos(alpha_)
  local coef_  = (w_+sigma_*a_*math.sin(alpha_))
  coef_  = coef_/(sigma_*a_*math.cos(alpha_)-w_*math.tan(alpha_))
  global fang_  = math.atan(coef_)/math.degrad
end
;
fish define analytic
 local status = io.out('Analytic solution = '+string(fang_))
end
;

Endnote