FLAC (FLAC2D/FLAC3D)

To see the most recent changes in the latest update: see Changes and Updates from FLAC 9.0 to FLAC 9.1.

FLAC3D now has a two-dimensional counterpart: FLAC2D. Some of the rationale for this is explained in the topic FLAC2D for FLAC 8.1 Users.

The programs share the same code base and, consequently, many commands and FISH functions are common to both. In this documentation, “FLAC” as a term always indicates both programs at once. Statements using FLAC will be true for both programs. The limited use of the names FLAC2D and FLAC3D occurs only when specifically indicating information that is solely applicable to one or the other.

Base Commands

The main commands used by FLAC, listed below, are a mix of FLAC-specific commands (right) and commands also commonly used by PFC and 3DEC (left).

Commands Used in FLAC

         Common

c data
c dfn
c fish
c fragment
c geometry
c group
c history

c model
c plot
c program
c project
c table
c trace

FLAC-specific

c building-blocks*
c sketch
c structure
c zone

      *FLAC3D only

range Reference

Full documentation for the range phrase can be found in Range Phrase Keywords.

FISH Functions

FISH functions used in FLAC are presented below in groups. Common functions (ones also used by PFC and 3DEC) appear on the left and FLAC-specific functions appear on the right.

FISH Functions Available in FLAC

         Common

c cluster
c dfn
c domain
c file
c geometry
c global
c group
c io
c mail

c math
c process utilities
c socket
c system
c table
c time
c user data functions
c value type utilities
c version

FLAC-specific

c building-blocks*
c sketch
c structure
c zone

      *FLAC3D only

• FLAC Modeling
  • Introduction
    • Overview
      • The Lagrangian Finite Volume Grid
      • Nomenclature
    • New User Guide
    • Changes and Updates from FLAC 9.0 to FLAC 9.1
      • General Updates
      • Updated null zones
      • Additional SOLVE commands
      • Skip Data on MODEL NEW or MODEL RESTORE
      • Updated Fluid/Mechanical command interface
    • FLAC2D for FLAC 8.1 Users
      • ij space
        • Ranges
        • FISH
        • Boundary Conditions
      • Command and FISH Syntax
      • Model Building
      • Exporting FLAC models to FLAC2D
      • Plotting and Visualization
      • Miscellaneous
      • FLAC Functionality not in FLAC2D
    • FLAC Features
      • Features
      • Optional Features
      • Modeling Physical Processes and Interactions
      • New Features in FLAC2D and FLAC3D Version 9.1
      • New Features in FLAC2D and FLAC3D Version 9.0
      • New Features in FLAC3D Version 7.0
      • New Features in FLAC3D Version 6.0
    • Comparison with Other Methods
    • Fields of Application
    • Guide to the FLAC Documentation
      • User Support
    • About Itasca Consulting Group Inc.
  • FLAC2D Tutorials
    • Tutorial: Quick Start (FLAC2D)
      • Help
      • Sketch
      • Model
      • Data File
      • Plotting
      • Factor of Safety
    • Tutorial: Illustrative Model — Mechanics of Using FLAC2D
      • Create a New Project
        • Discussion
        • In the Interface
      • Generate the Grid
        • Discussion
        • In the Interface
      • Create Model Groups
        • Discussion
        • In the Interface
      • Specifying Models, Boundaries, and Initial Conditions
        • Discussion: Assigning a Constitutive Model
        • Discussion: Applying Boundary Conditions
        • Discussion: Specify Initial Conditions
      • Step to Equilibrium
        • Discussion: Stepping to Equilibrium
        • In the Interface
      • Alter Model: Excavation
        • Discussion: Performing Alterations
        • Further Discussion: Performing Alterations
      • Examine Model: Plotting
        • Discussion: Observing Failure
        • In the Interface
      • Further Alterations: Support
        • Discussion: Installing Cables
        • Further Discussion: Using Save/Restore and Staged Modeling
        • In the Interface
      • Project Finishing
        • Discussion: Project Completion
        • In the Interface: Finishing
    • FISH Tutorial
  • FLAC3D Tutorials
    • Tutorial: Quick Start (FLAC3D)
    • Tutorial: Illustrative Model — Mechanics of Using FLAC3D
      • Create a New Project
        • In the Interface
      • Generate the Grid
        • Further Discussion: Meshing With Primitives
        • In the Interface
      • Create Model Groups
        • Further Discussion: Model Groups
        • In the Interface
      • Specifying Constitutive Model and Material Properties
      • Specifying Initial and Boundary Conditions
      • Step to Equilibrium
        • Further Discussion: Step to Equilibrium
        • In the Interface
      • Alter Model: Excavation
        • Further Discussion: Performing Alterations
      • Examine Model: Plotting
        • In the Interface
      • Further Alterations: Support
        • Further Discussion: Using Save/Restore and Staged Modeling
      • Project Finishing
        • In the Interface: Finishing
    • FISH Tutorial
  • Problem Solving with FLAC
    • Approach and Project Setup
      • Modeling on a Spectrum
      • Recommended Steps
      • Start a Project
    • Grid Generation in FLAC3D
      • Primitive-Based Grids
        • Overview of the Grid Primitives
        • Connecting Adjoining Primitive Shapes
        • Fitting the Grid to Simple Shapes
        • Grid Generation with FISH
      • Sketch-Based Grids
        • Create a Set
        • Define the 2D Geometry
        • Zoning and Other Operations
      • Building Blocks-Based Grids
        • Create a Building Blocks Set
        • Snap Blocks Together
        • Refinement Operations and Utilities
        • Zoning
      • Grids from Outside FLAC3D
        • Grids from Rhino/Griddle
      • Grid Generation: Additional Facilities
        • Densifying Grids
        • Geometry-Based Densification: Octree Meshing
        • Surface Topography and Layering
    • Identifying Regions of the Model
      • Groups and Slots
      • Using the Group Range Element
      • Select and Hide
      • Using the Model Pane
        • Objects in the Model Pane
        • Visualizing Objects
        • Selection
        • Groups
        • Additional Commands
    • Working with Geometric Data
      • Geometric Data
      • Geometry Visualization
      • Geometry Painting
      • Geometric Filtering - Geometry Range Elements
      • Geometry Data and Group Assignment
      • Geometry Data: Examples
        • Assign Group Names Based on Their Relationship to DXF Files
        • Ignore Existing Groups — Build New Ones Based on Surfaces
        • Partition Existing Groups Based on Surfaces
        • Zones below Surfaces become Separate Groups, Outside Groups Remain Unchanged
        • Zones above the Surfaces become a New Group, Everything below is Unchanged
        • Zones Intersecting Surfaces becomes Separate Groups
        • Split Zones below Surfaces
        • Split Large Zones Intersecting Surfaces
    • Choice of Constitutive Model
      • Overview of Constitutive Models
      • The Constitutive Models in FLAC2D and FLAC3D
      • Selection of an Appropriate Model
      • The Effect of Water
      • Ways to Implement Constitutive Models
    • Material Properties
      • Intrinsic Deformability Properties
      • Intrinsic Strength Properties
      • Post-Failure Properties
      • Extrapolation to Field-Scale Properties
      • Spatial Variation and Randomness of Property Distribution
    • Boundary Conditions
      • Stress Boundary
        • Applied Stress Gradients
        • Changing Boundary Stress
        • Cautions and Advice
      • Displacement Boundary
        • Local System and Applied Velocities
        • Surface Corners and Velocity Boundaries
        • Fix vs Apply
        • Reaction Forces
        • Nonuniform Velocities
      • Real Boundaries — Choosing the Right Type
      • Artificial Boundaries
        • Symmetry Planes
        • Boundary Truncation
    • Initial Conditions
      • Uniform Stresses — No Gravity
      • Stresses with Gradients — Uniform Material
      • Stresses with Gradients — Nonuniform Material
      • Stress Initialization in a Nonuniform Material
      • Compaction within a Nonuniform Grid
      • Initial Stresses following a Model Change
      • Stress and Pore-Pressure Initialization with a Phreatic Surface
      • Initialization of Velocities
    • Reaching Equilibrium
      • Convergence Criteria
        • Maximum Out-of-Balance Force
        • Local Maximum Force Ratio
        • Average Force Ratio
        • Maximum Force Ratio
        • Convergence
        • Ratio
      • Choosing Convergence Criteria
      • Evaluating Equilibrium
        • Effects of Large Stiffness Differences
    • Loading and Sequential Modeling in FLAC3D
      • Example: Loading on Three Tunnels
    • Structural Support
    • Interfaces
    • Tips and Advice
      • 1. Check Model Runtime
      • 2. Effects on Runtime
      • 3. Considerations for Zoning Density
      • 4. Automatic Detection of an Equilibrium State
      • 5. Considerations for Selecting Damping
      • 6. Check Model Response
      • 7. Initializing Variables
      • 8. Minimizing Transient Effects on Static Analysis
      • 9. Changing Material Models
      • 10. Running Problems with In-Situ Field Stresses and Gravity
      • 11. Determining Collapse Loads
      • 12. Determining Factor of Safety
      • 13. Use Bulk and Shear Moduli
      • FLAC3D Runtime Benchmark
    • Interpretation
      • Unbalanced Force and Convergence
      • Gridpoint Velocities
      • Plastic Indicators
      • Histories
    • Project Completion
    • References
• FLAC Theory and Background
  • Theoretical Background
    • Formulation of a 3D Explicit Finite Volume Model
      • Mathematical Model Description
        • Conventions
        • Stress
        • Rate of Strain and Rate of Rotation
        • Equations of Motion and Equilibrium
        • Boundary and Initial Conditions
        • Constitutive Equations
      • Numerical Formulation
        • Finite Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
        • Nodal Formulation of the Equations of Motion
        • Explicit Finite Difference Approximation to Time Derivatives
        • Constitutive Equations in Incremental Form
        • Large- and Small-Strain Modes
        • Mechanical Timestep Determination for Numerical Stability
        • Mechanical Damping
          • Local Nonviscous Damping
          • Combined Damping
    • Grid Discretization in FLAC
      • Mixed Discretization for a Hexahedral Grid
      • Nodal Mixed Discretization for a Tetrahedral Grid
      • Localized Nodal Mixed Discretization for Mixed Grids with Hexahedral and Tetrahedral Zones
    • Numerical Implementation
      • Body Discretization
      • Initial and Boundary Conditions
      • Main Calculation Steps
      • Strain-Rate Calculation
      • Stress Calculation
      • Nodal Mass Calculation
      • Out-of-Balance Force Calculation
      • Velocity and Displacement Calculations
      • Geometry Update Calculation
      • Energy Calculation in FLAC3D
    • References
  • Interfaces
    • General Comments
    • Formulation
    • Creation of Interface Geometry
    • Choice of Material Properties
      • Interface Used to Join Two Sub-grids
      • Real Interface — Slip and Separation Only
      • All Properties Have Physical Significance
    • Modeling Guidelines
      • Troubleshooting
      • Initial Stresses
      • Interface Corners
      • Overlapping Interfaces
      • Interfaces and Fluid Flow
      • Interfaces and Changing Interacting Objects in Small Strain
    • References
  • Zone Joints
    • Formulation
    • Creation of Zone Joint Geometry
    • Verification Examples
      • Falling Wedge
      • Sliding Wedge
      • Duplicated Zone Joints And Attach Conditions
  • Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
    • FLAC3D Fluid-Thermal-Mechanical-Formulation — Mathematical Description
      • Conventions and Definitions
      • Governing Differential Equations
      • Fluid Flow Boundary and Initial Conditions in FLAC3D
    • Numerical Formulation
      • Saturated Fluid Flow
        • Finite-Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
        • Nodal Formulation of the Mass Balance Equation
        • Explicit Finite-Volume Formulation
        • Stability Criterion
        • Implicit Finite-Volume Formulation
          • Convergence Criterion
        • Advanced solvers used in fluid implicit logic
      • Saturated/Unsaturated Flow
      • Mechanical Timestep and Numerical Stability
      • Total Stress Correction
      • Fully Saturated Fast Flow
        • An Alternative Fast-Flow Algorithm
    • Calculation Modes for Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
      • Grid Not Configured for Fluid Flow
      • Grid Configured for Fluid Flow
    • Properties and Units for Fluid-Flow Analysis
      • Mobility Coefficient
      • Mass Density
      • Fluid Moduli
        • Biot Coefficient and Biot Modulus
        • Fluid Bulk Modulus
        • Consolidation Coefficient
        • Fluid Moduli and Convergence
        • Fluid Moduli for Drained and Undrained Analyses
      • Porosity
      • Saturation
      • Undrained Thermal Coefficient
      • Effective Stress Cutoff
      • Saturated Densiy
      • Pore Pressure Generation
      • Fluid Tension Limit
    • Fluid-Flow Boundary Conditions, Initial Conditions, Sources and Sinks
    • Solving Flow-Only and Coupled-Flow Problems
      • Time Scales
      • Selection of a Modeling Approach for a Fully Coupled Analysis
        • Time Scale
        • Nature of Imposed Perturbation to the Coupled Process
        • Stiffness Ratio
        • Recommended Procedure to Select a Modeling Approach
      • Fixed Pore Pressure (Used in Effective Stress Calculation)
      • Flow-Only Calculation to Establish a Pore-Pressure Distribution
      • No Flow — Mechanical Generation of Pore Pressure
      • Coupled Flow and Mechanical Calculations
    • Verification Examples
      • Unsteady Groundwater Flow in a Confined Layer (FLAC2D)
      • One-Dimensional Filling of a Porous Region (FLAC2D)
      • Steady-State Fluid Flow with a Free Surface (FLAC2D)
      • One-Dimensional Consolidation
      • Consolidation Settlement at the Center of a Strip Load (FLAC2D)
      • Pressuremeter Test (FLAC2D)
      • Semi-confined Aquifer (FLAC2D)
      • Unsteady Groundwater Flow in a Confined Layer
      • One-Dimensional Filling of a Porous Region
      • Steady-State Fluid Flow with a Free Surface
      • Spreading of a Groundwater Mound
      • One-Dimensional Consolidation
      • Consolidation Settlement at the Center of a Strip Load
      • Transient Fluid Flow to a Well in a Shallow Confined Aquifer
      • Pressuremeter Test
      • Semi-confined Aquifer
    • Verification of Concepts, and Modeling Techniques for Specific Applications
      • Solid Weight, Buoyancy and Seepage Forces
        • A Simple Example Illustrating Solid Weight, Buoyancy and Seepage Forces
      • Pore Pressure Initialization and Deformation
        • Heave of a Soil Layer
      • Effect of the Biot Coefficient
        • Undrained Oedometer Test
        • Pore Pressure Generation in a Confined Sample
        • Pore Pressure Generation in an Infinite Layer
    • Input Instructions for Fluid-Flow Analysis
      • Fluid Commands
      • Fluid FISH Variables
      • Zone-Based Pore Pressure
    • References
• FLAC Commands, FISH, and Workspaces
  • Building-Blocks (3D only)
    • The Building Blocks Pane
      • Pane Elements
      • Sets of Blocks
      • Sets of Geometric Data
      • Selection and Manipulation of Objects
      • Working With Geometric Data
      • Generating Zones or Blocks From Geometric Data
      • Adding Blocks
      • Splitting Blocks
      • Curved Edges and Control Points
      • Face Control Points
      • Hiding Blocks
      • Showing Blocks
      • Highlighting Groups
      • Validating the Model
      • Autozone
      • Generate Zones
      • Context Menu
      • Control Panel
      • Keyboard Reference
      • Handle Quick Reference
    • Commands
      • building-blocks block commands
        • building-blocks block create command
        • building-blocks block delete command
        • building-blocks block export command
        • building-blocks block group command
        • building-blocks block hide command
        • building-blocks block id command
        • building-blocks block import command
        • building-blocks block list command
        • building-blocks block make-hex-only command
        • building-blocks block multiplier command
        • building-blocks block snapon id command
        • building-blocks block transform command
      • building-blocks face commands
        • building-blocks face add-controls command
        • building-blocks face cycle command
        • building-blocks face delete command
        • building-blocks face drape command
        • building-blocks face group command
        • building-blocks face id command
        • building-blocks face list command
        • building-blocks face snapon id command
        • building-blocks face transform command
      • building-blocks edge commands
        • building-blocks edge add-controls command
        • building-blocks edge delete command
        • building-blocks edge drape command
        • building-blocks edge factor command
        • building-blocks edge group command
        • building-blocks edge id command
        • building-blocks edge list command
        • building-blocks edge ratio command
        • building-blocks edge ratio-isolate command
        • building-blocks edge size command
        • building-blocks edge snapon id command
        • building-blocks edge transform command
        • building-blocks edge type command
      • building-blocks point commands
        • building-blocks point delete command
        • building-blocks point drape command
        • building-blocks point group command
        • building-blocks point list command
        • building-blocks point merge command
        • building-blocks point move-to command
        • building-blocks point snapon id command
        • building-blocks point transform command
      • building-blocks set commands
        • building-blocks set arrest-triangle command
        • building-blocks set automatic-zone command
        • building-blocks set automatic-tolerance command
        • building-blocks set break-angle command
        • building-blocks set create command
        • building-blocks set delete command
        • building-blocks set export command
        • building-blocks set geometry command
        • building-blocks set import command
        • building-blocks set list command
        • building-blocks set select command
        • building-blocks set tolerance command
        • building-blocks set validate-all command
    • FISH Functions
      • building_blocks.block Functions
        • building_blocks.block.ablock
        • building_blocks.block.center
        • building_blocks.block.check
        • building_blocks.block.edge
        • building_blocks.block.face
        • building_blocks.block.group
        • building_blocks.block.group.remove
        • building_blocks.block.isgroup
        • building_blocks.block.multiplier
        • building_blocks.block.point
        • building_blocks.block.size
      • building_blocks.face Functions
        • building_blocks.face.area
        • building_blocks.face.center
        • building_blocks.face.check
        • building_blocks.face.edge
        • building_blocks.face.flip
        • building_blocks.face.gridsizei
        • building_blocks.face.gridsizej
        • building_blocks.face.group
        • building_blocks.face.group.remove
        • building_blocks.face.isgroup
        • building_blocks.face.next.face
        • building_blocks.face.next.index
        • building_blocks.face.point
        • building_blocks.face.size
        • building_blocks.face.toglobal
        • building_blocks.face.tolocal
      • building_blocks.edge Functions
        • building_blocks.edge.center
        • building_blocks.edge.cp.add
        • building_blocks.edge.cp.delete
        • building_blocks.edge.cp.localu
        • building_blocks.edge.cp.point
        • building_blocks.edge.cp.size
        • building_blocks.edge.curve
        • building_blocks.edge.direction
        • building_blocks.edge.grid.ratio
        • building_blocks.edge.grid.ratio.isolate
        • building_blocks.edge.grid.size
        • building_blocks.edge.group
        • building_blocks.edge.group.remove
        • block.isgroup
        • building_blocks.edge.length
        • building_blocks.edge.next.edge
        • building_blocks.edge.next.index
        • building_blocks.edge.point
        • building_blocks.edge.start.face
        • building_blocks.edge.start.index
        • building_blocks.edge.toglobal
        • building_blocks.edge.tolocal
        • building_blocks.edge.type
      • building_blocks.point Functions
        • building_blocks.point.group
        • building_blocks.point.group.remove
        • building_blocks.point.isgroup
        • building_blocks.point.pos
        • building_blocks.point.start.edge
        • building_blocks.point.start.index
      • building_blocks.set Functions
        • building_blocks.set.block.create
        • building_blocks.set.block.find
        • building_blocks.set.block.list
        • building_blocks.set.block.remove
        • building_blocks.set.block.size
        • building_blocks.set.create
        • building_blocks.set.delete
        • building_blocks.set.edge.find
        • building_blocks.set.edge.list
        • building_blocks.set.edge.near
        • building_blocks.set.edge.size
        • building_blocks.set.face.find
        • building_blocks.set.face.list
        • building_blocks.set.face.near
        • building_blocks.set.face.size
        • building_blocks.set.find
        • building_blocks.set.id
        • building_blocks.set.list
        • building_blocks.set.name
        • building_blocks.set.point.find
        • building_blocks.set.point.list
        • building_blocks.set.point.near
        • building_blocks.set.point.size
  • Sketch (formerly Extrude)
    • Sketch Workflow
      • Create/Open a Sketch
        • Start A New Sketch
        • Open an Existing Sketch
      • Background Images
        • Import a Background Image
        • Select a Background Image
        • Deselect an Image
        • Move a Background Image
        • Pin a Background Bitmap Image
        • Rotate a Background Image
        • Cycling the Edit Modes
        • Snap-To Behavior on Background Geometry
        • Selection With Two Images in the Sketch
      • Points and Edges
        • Creating Points and Edges
          • Create Points
          • Moving Points
          • Merging Points
          • Create, Add to, or Split Edges
          • Create Curved Edges
        • Deleting Points and Edges
        • Edge Zoning
          • Main Zoning Properties
          • Changing the Zoning Defaults
        • Advanced Edge Operations
          • Creating Edges from Background Geometry
          • Selecting Edges by Break Angle
          • Combining Edges
      • Blocks
        • Create a Single Block
        • Create Multiple Blocks
        • Structured Mesh Operations
          • Splitting
          • Zone Multiplier
        • Unstructured Mesh Operations
          • Re-Blocking
        • Delete
        • Automatic Meshing & Meshing Defaults
      • Extrusion (3D only)
        • Selection & Properties
        • Initial Extrusion
        • Initial Extrusion Path
        • Defining the Extrusion Path
        • Curving the Extrusion Path
        • Meshing Along the Extrusion Path
        • Building the Sketch
        • Advanced Topics
          • Relative Extrusion Path
          • Extrusion Orientation
      • Generating Zones
    • Operations, Tools, & Options
      • Object Selection
        • Single Selection
        • Multiple Selection
        • Marquee Selection
        • Right-Click Selection Overload
        • Deselection
        • Visual Key to Selection States
      • Object Properties
        • Setting Object Properties
        • Objects with Editable Properties
          • Points
          • Edges
          • Blocks
          • Background Images: Bitmap Images
          • Background Images: Geometric Data
          • Extrusion Starting Point
          • Extrusion Origin & Orientation
      • Tools
      • Meshing
        • Default Meshing Parameters
        • Automatic Meshing
      • Groups
      • Workspace Features
        • Undoing Operations
          • esc Key
        • View Manipulation
          • Key + Mouse Commands Reference
          • View Controls in the Tools Area
        • Using FISH
        • The Status Bar
      • Sketch Options
    • Commands
      • sketch block
        • create command
        • delete command
        • group command
        • id command
        • list command
        • multiplier command
        • position command
      • sketch edge
        • clear command
        • combine command
        • create command
        • delete command
        • group command
        • id command
        • list command
        • ratio command
        • ratio-isolate command
        • ratio-reverse command
        • size command
        • size-default command
        • length command
        • length-default command
      • sketch joint-set
        • sketch fracture create command
        • sketch fracture domain command
      • sketch joint-set (2D only)
        • sketch joint-set create command
        • sketch joint-set domain command
      • sketch mesh
        • gradation command
        • list command
        • mode command
        • optimization command
        • quad-weight command
        • reset command
        • shape-quality command
        • target-size command
        • type command
      • sketch path
        • clear command
        • continuous command
        • ends-paralle command
        • extrude-mode command
        • translate command
      • sketch point
        • create command
        • delete command
        • group command
        • id command
        • list command
        • merge command
        • transform command
      • sketch section
        • circle command
        • polygon command
        • rectangle command
      • sketch segment
        • clear command
        • create command
        • delete command
        • group command
        • id command
        • list command
        • ratio command
        • ratio-reverse command
        • size command
        • size-default command
        • zone-length command
        • zone-length-default command
      • sketch segment-node
        • create command
        • delete command
        • group command
        • id command
        • list command
        • transform command
      • sketch set
        • automatic-validate command
        • automatic-zone command
        • clean command
        • clear command
        • copy command
        • create command
        • delete command
        • list command
        • metadata command
        • rename command
        • select command
        • system command
        • update-polygons command
      • sketch voronoi (2D only)
        • sketch voronoi create command
        • sketch voronoi domain command
    • FISH Functions
      • block functions
        • sketch.block.area
        • sketch.block.block
        • sketch.block.center
        • sketch.block.check
        • sketch.block.countzones
        • sketch.block.edge
        • sketch.block.extra
        • sketch.block.find
        • sketch.block.flip
        • sketch.block.grid.pos
        • sketch.block.group
        • sketch.block.group.remove
        • sketch.block.id
        • sketch.block.irregular.typeid
        • sketch.block.isgroup
        • sketch.block.list
        • sketch.block.maxid
        • sketch.block.multiplier
        • sketch.block.next.block
        • sketch.block.next.index
        • sketch.block.nodes
        • sketch.block.num
        • sketch.block.param.pos
        • sketch.block.point
        • sketch.block.regular.typeid
        • sketch.block.size
        • sketch.block.typeid
        • sketch.block.zones.i
        • sketch.block.zones.j
      • edge functions
        • sketch.edge.blocked
        • sketch.edge.blocks
        • sketch.edge.center
        • sketch.edge.curve
        • sketch.edge.direction
        • sketch.edge.extra
        • sketch.edge.find
        • sketch.edge.grid.ratio
        • sketch.edge.grid.ratio.isolate
        • sketch.edge.grid.size
        • sketch.edge.gridpos
        • sketch.edge.group
        • sketch.edge.group.remove
        • sketch.edge.id
        • sketch.edge.isgroup
        • sketch.edge.length
        • sketch.edge.list
        • sketch.edge.maxid
        • sketch.edge.next.edge
        • sketch.edge.next.index
        • sketch.edge.num
        • sketch.edge.parampos
        • sketch.edge.point
        • sketch.edge.poly.add
        • sketch.edge.poly.localu
        • sketch.edge.poly.localv
        • sketch.edge.poly.point
        • sketch.edge.poly.remove
        • sketch.edge.poly.size
        • sketch.edge.simple
        • sketch.edge.start.block
        • sketch.edge.start.index
        • sketch.edge.type
        • sketch.edge.typeid
      • point functions
        • sketch.point.blocks
        • sketch.point.edges
        • sketch.point.extra
        • sketch.point.find
        • sketch.point.group
        • sketch.point.group.remove
        • sketch.point.id
        • sketch.point.isgroup
        • sketch.point.list
        • sketch.point.maxid
        • sketch.point.num
        • sketch.point.pos
        • sketch.point.start.edge
        • sketch.point.start.index
        • sketch.point.typeid
      • segment functions
        • sketch.segment.center
        • sketch.segment.count
        • sketch.segment.curve
        • sketch.segment.direction
        • sketch.segment.extra
        • sketch.segment.find
        • sketch.segment.find.linear
        • sketch.segment.grid.ratio
        • sketch.segment.grid.size
        • sketch.segment.gridpos
        • sketch.segment.group
        • sketch.segment.group.remove
        • sketch.segment.id
        • sketch.segment.isgroup
        • sketch.segment.length
        • sketch.segment.list
        • sketch.segment.maxid
        • sketch.segment.next.segment
        • sketch.segment.next.index
        • sketch.segment.num
        • sketch.segment.parampos
        • sketch.segment.poly.add
        • sketch.segment.poly.localu
        • sketch.segment.poly.localv
        • sketch.segment.poly.localw
        • sketch.segment.poly.point
        • sketch.segment.poly.remove
        • sketch.segment.poly.size
        • sketch.segment.removegroup
        • sketch.segment.simple
        • sketch.segment.type
      • segment-node functions
        • sketch.segment.node
        • sketch.segment.node.id
        • sketch.segment.node.add
        • sketch.segment.node.count
        • sketch.segment.node.delete
        • sketch.segment.node.extra
        • sketch.segment.node.find
        • sketch.segment.node.group
        • sketch.segment.node.group.remove
        • sketch.segment.node.isgroup
        • sketch.segment.node.list
        • sketch.segment.node.maxid
        • sketch.segment.node.num
        • sketch.segment.node.pos
        • sketch.segment.node.group.remove
        • sketch.segment.node.segments
        • sketch.segment.node.start.index
        • sketch.segment.node.start.segment
      • set functions
        • sketch.set.axis.n
        • sketch.set.axis.u
        • sketch.set.axis.v
        • sketch.set.badzones
        • sketch.set.block.create
        • sketch.set.block.delete
        • sketch.set.block.find
        • sketch.set.block.list
        • sketch.set.block.near
        • sketch.set.block.size
        • sketch.set.create
        • sketch.set.delete
        • sketch.set.edge.combine
        • sketch.set.edge.create
        • sketch.set.edge.delete
        • sketch.set.edge.find
        • sketch.set.edge.list
        • sketch.set.edge.near
        • sketch.set.edge.size
        • sketch.set.find
        • sketch.set.id
        • sketch.set.list
        • sketch.set.metadata.find
        • sketch.set.metadata.key
        • sketch.set.metadata.size
        • sketch.set.metadata.value
        • sketch.set.name
        • sketch.set.origin
        • sketch.set.point.create
        • sketch.set.point.delete
        • sketch.set.point.find
        • sketch.set.point.list
        • sketch.set.point.near
        • sketch.set.point.size
        • sketch.set.region.element.num
        • sketch.set.region.nodes
        • sketch.set.set.un
        • sketch.set.set.uv
        • sketch.set.set.vn
        • sketch.set.zone.autodir
        • sketch.set.zone.count2
        • sketch.set.zone.count3
        • sketch.set.zone.target.edge
        • sketch.set.zone.target.size
        • sketch.set.zone.target.total
  • Structural Elements
  • Zone
    • The Model Pane
      • Pane Elements
      • Selection
      • Showing and Hiding
      • Disambiguator
      • Automatic Grouping
      • Operations (Op) Menu
      • Op: Assigning a Group Name to a Selection
      • Op: Assigning a Constitutive Model
      • Op: Set Model Properties
      • Op: Materials Database
      • Op: Densify Selected Zones
      • Op: Creating a 2D Structural Element
      • Op: Create an Interface
      • Control Set: Color Labels
      • Control Set: Objects
      • Control Set: Range
      • Keyboard Reference
      • Options
    • Commands
      • zone commands
        • zone apply command
        • zone apply-remove command
        • zone attach command
        • zone cmodel command
        • zone copy command
        • zone create command
        • zone create2d command
        • zone creep command
        • zone delete command
        • zone densify command
        • zone dynamic command
        • zone effective-stress-cutoff command
        • zone export command
        • zone fluid command
        • zone fluid-density command
        • zone generate command
        • zone geometry command
        • zone group command
        • zone hide command
        • zone history command
        • zone import command
        • zone initialize command
        • zone initialize-stresses command
        • zone list command
        • zone mechanical command
        • zone nodal-mixed-discretization command
        • zone null command
        • zone property command
        • zone property-distribution command
        • zone ratio command
        • zone reflect command
        • zone relax command
        • zone results command
        • zone select command
        • zone separate command
        • zone split command
        • zone thermal command
        • zone trace command
        • zone validate command
        • zone vtk command
      • zone face commands
        • zone face apply command
        • zone face apply-remove command
        • zone face group command
        • zone face hide command
        • zone face list command
        • zone face select command
        • zone face skin command
        • zone face westergaard command
        • zone face westergaard-remove command
      • zone gridpoint commands
        • zone gridpoint create command
        • zone gridpoint fix command
        • zone gridpoint force-reaction command
        • zone gridpoint free command
        • zone gridpoint group command
        • zone gridpoint import command
        • zone gridpoint initialize command
        • zone gridpoint list command
        • zone gridpoint merge command
        • zone gridpoint pore-pressure command
        • zone gridpoint system command
      • zone interface commands
        • zone interface tolerance-contact command
        • zone interface create command
        • zone interface effective command
        • zone interface element command
        • zone interface group command
        • zone interface list command
        • zone interface node command
        • zone interface permeability command
      • zone joint commands
        • zone joint configure command
        • zone joint create command
        • zone joint create-contact command
        • zone joint delete command
        • zone joint gridpoint-stiffness command
        • zone joint initialize-stresses command
        • zone joint permeability command
        • zone joint pore-pressure-update command
    • FISH Functions
      • attach functions
        • attach.create
        • attach.delete
        • attach.extra
        • attach.find
        • attach.follower
        • attach.group
        • attach.group.remove
        • attach.id
        • attach.isgroup
        • attach.leader
        • attach.leader.face
        • attach.leader.zone
        • attach.list
        • attach.maxid
        • attach.num
        • attach.pos
        • attach.snap
        • attach.type
        • attach.typeid
        • attach.weight.edge
        • attach.weight.face
      • zone.face functions
        • zone.face.area
        • zone.face.extra
        • zone.face.find
        • zone.face.find.normal
        • zone.face.gp
        • zone.face.group
        • zone.face.group.remove
        • zone.face.isgroup
        • zone.face.length
        • zone.face.normal
        • zone.face.pos
        • zone.face.size
      • zone.field functions
        • zone.field.component
        • zone.field.extra
        • zone.field.get
        • zone.field.get.gp
        • zone.field.gravity
        • zone.field.hide.null
        • zone.field.index
        • zone.field.init
        • zone.field.log
        • zone.field.method.index
        • zone.field.method.name
        • zone.field.name
        • zone.field.power
        • zone.field.prop
        • zone.field.quantity
        • zone.field.radius.ratio
        • zone.field.reset
        • zone.field.source
        • zone.field.tol
        • zone.field.type
        • zone.field.velocity.limit
      • gp functions
        • gp.accel
        • gp.biot.modulus
        • gp.contacts
        • gp.convergence
        • gp.copy
        • gp.create
        • gp.delete
        • gp.disp
        • gp.disp.small
        • gp.dynamic.mul
        • gp.dynamic.timestep
        • gp.extra
        • gp.find
        • gp.find.name
        • gp.fix
        • gp.flow
        • gp.fluid.app
        • gp.fluid.area.inv
        • gp.fluid.head
        • gp.fluid.load
        • gp.fluid.modulus
        • gp.fluid.modulus.confined
        • gp.fluid.porosity
        • gp.fluid.tension
        • gp.fluid.unbal
        • gp.fluid.vol.inv
        • gp.fluid.volume
        • gp.fluid.volume.add
        • gp.flux
        • gp.force.app
        • gp.force.load
        • gp.force.unbal
        • gp.force.unbal.add
        • gp.force.unbal.current
        • gp.group
        • gp.group.remove
        • gp.head
        • gp.id
        • gp.isgroup
        • gp.list
        • gp.mass.add
        • gp.mass.gravity
        • gp.mass.inertial
        • gp.maxid
        • gp.multiplier
        • gp.name
        • gp.near
        • gp.near.all
        • gp.near.live
        • gp.next
        • gp.null
        • gp.num
        • gp.pos
        • gp.pp
        • gp.pp.fix
        • gp.ratio
        • gp.ratio.target
        • gp.sat
        • gp.state.restore
        • gp.state.save
        • gp.stiff
        • gp.system
        • gp.temp
        • gp.temp.app
        • gp.temp.change
        • gp.temp.fix
        • gp.temp.source
        • gp.typeid
        • gp.vel
        • gp.zones
        • interface.node.head
        • interface.node.list
      • interface functions
        • interface.find
        • interface.group
        • interface.group.remove
        • interface.head
        • interface.id
        • interface.isgroup
        • interface.list
        • interface.name
        • interface.next
      • interface.elem functions
        • interface.elem.area
        • interface.elem.extra
        • interface.elem.group
        • interface.elem.group.remove
        • interface.elem.head
        • interface.elem.host.face
        • interface.elem.host.zone
        • interface.elem.id
        • interface.elem.isgroup
        • interface.elem.join
        • interface.elem.length
        • interface.elem.list
        • interface.elem.next
        • interface.elem.normal
        • interface.elem.vertex
      • interface.node functions
        • interface.node.area
        • interface.node.disp
        • interface.node.disp.shear
        • interface.node.extra
        • interface.node.find
        • interface.node.group
        • interface.node.group.remove
        • interface.node.head
        • interface.node.host.face
        • interface.node.host.weight
        • interface.node.host.zone
        • interface.node.id
        • interface.node.isgroup
        • interface.node.length
        • interface.node.list
        • interface.node.near
        • interface.node.next
        • interface.node.normal
        • interface.node.penetration
        • interface.node.pos
        • interface.node.pp
        • interface.node.prop
        • interface.node.slip
        • interface.node.state
        • interface.node.stress.normal
        • interface.node.stress.normal.add
        • interface.node.stress.shear
        • interface.node.target.face
        • interface.node.target.weight
        • interface.node.target.zone
        • interface.node.tol
        • interface.node.vel
      • zone.tet functions (3D ONLY)
        • zone.tetra.gp
        • zone.tetra.num
        • zone.tetra.smallest.vol
        • zone.tetra.strain.increment
        • zone.tetra.strain.rate
        • zone.tetra.stress
        • zone.tetra.vol
      • zone.tri functions (2D ONLY)
        • zone.tri.area
        • zone.tri.gp
        • zone.tri.num
        • zone.tri.smallest.area
        • zone.tri.strain.increment
        • zone.tri.strain.rate
        • zone.tri.stress
      • zone.thermal.analytical functions (3D ONLY)
        • zone.thermal.analytical.conductivity
        • zone.thermal.analytical.diffusivity
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.component.decay
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.component.fraction
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.create
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.extra
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.find
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.group
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.id
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.list
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.near
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.pos
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.strength
        • zone.thermal.analytical.source.time
        • zone.thermal.analytical.time
      • zone functions
        • zone.area
        • zone.area.deformed
        • zone.aspect
        • zone.bad
        • zone.code
        • zone.condition
        • zone.containing
        • zone.copy
        • zone.create.gp
        • zone.create.interface.elem
        • zone.create.pos
        • zone.create.ratio
        • zone.creep.time.total
        • zone.creep.timestep
        • zone.cycle.init
        • zone.density
        • zone.dynamic.mul
        • zone.dynamic.time.total
        • zone.dynamic.timestep
        • zone.extra
        • zone.find
        • zone.flow
        • zone.fluid.density
        • zone.fluid.model
        • zone.fluid.prop
        • zone.fluid.prop.index
        • zone.fluid.ratio
        • zone.fluid.stress.normal
        • zone.fluid.time.total
        • zone.fluid.unbal.avg
        • zone.fluid.unbal.max
        • zone.flux
        • zone.force.update
        • zone.geom.test
        • zone.gp
        • zone.gp.num
        • zone.group
        • zone.group.remove
        • zone.head
        • zone.hysteretic
        • zone.id
        • zone.inbox
        • zone.isgroup
        • zone.islive
        • zone.join
        • zone.list
        • zone.maxid
        • zone.mech.convergence
        • zone.mech.prop.name
        • zone.mech.prop.num
        • zone.mech.ratio
        • zone.mech.ratio.avg
        • zone.mech.ratio.local
        • zone.mech.ratio.max
        • zone.model
        • zone.model.init
        • zone.near
        • zone.near.all
        • zone.near.list
        • zone.near.live
        • zone.near.map
        • zone.next
        • zone.null
        • zone.num
        • zone.ortho
        • zone.overlays
        • zone.planarity
        • zone.plane.traction
        • zone.pos
        • zone.pp
        • zone.prop
        • zone.prop.index
        • zone.rotation.inc
        • zone.rotation.rate
        • zone.state
        • zone.state.restore
        • zone.state.save
        • zone.strain.inc
        • zone.strain.rate
        • zone.strain.shear.inc
        • zone.strain.shear.rate
        • zone.strain.vol.inc
        • zone.strain.vol.rate
        • zone.stress
        • zone.stress.effective
        • zone.stress.int
        • zone.stress.max
        • zone.stress.min
        • zone.stress.prin
        • zone.temp
        • zone.test.quality
        • zone.thermal.model
        • zone.thermal.prop
        • zone.thermal.prop.index
        • zone.thermal.ratio
        • zone.thermal.time.total
        • zone.typeid
        • zone.unbal
        • zone.vol
        • zone.vol.deformed
        • zone.was.updated
        • zone.work.elastic.shear
        • zone.work.elastic.total
        • zone.work.elastic.vol
        • zone.work.plastic.shear
        • zone.work.plastic.total
        • zone.work.plastic.vol
    • Orientation of Nodes and Faces within a Zone
      • Zones in 2D
    • Condition Measure of Zones
    • Zone Field Data Names
      • Zone Field Quantity Names
      • Strength-Stress Ratio
• Options
  • Creep Analysis
    • Creep Model Group
      • Maxwell Model
      • Burgers Model
      • Power Model
      • WIPP Model WIPP Model
      • Burgers-Mohr Model
      • Power-Mohr Model
      • Power-Ubiquitous Model
      • WIPP-Drucker Model
      • WIPP-Salt Model
      • Soft-Soil-Creep Model*
      • Columnar-Basalt (COMBA) Model**
    • Solving Creep Problems
      • Creep Timestep
      • Automatic Adjustment of the Creep Timestep
      • Temperature Dependency
    • Input Instructions for Creep Modeling
      • Creep Commands
      • Creep FISH Variables
    • Verification and Example Problems
      • Maxwell/Kelvin/Burgers Model: Parallel-Plate Viscometer
      • WIPP-Type Models: Parallel-Plate Viscometer
      • Power Model: Cylindrical Cavity
      • Power-Mohr Model: Cylindrical Cavity
      • WIPP Model: Cylindrical Cavity
      • Power Model: Spherical Cavity
      • Maxwell Model: Oedometer Test
      • Kelvin Model: Oedometer Test
      • Maxwell/Burgers Model: Compression Test
      • Burgers-Mohr/Power-Mohr Model: Loading/Unloading Compression Test
      • WIPP-Drucker Model: Comparison with Drucker-Prager Model
      • WIPP-Drucker Model: Compression Test Showing Localization
      • WIPP-Salt Model: Hydrostatic Compression Test
      • WIPP-Salt Model: Shear Compression Test
      • Soft-Soil-Creep Model: Triaxial Consolidated Undrained Loading
      • Columnar-Basalt Model: Unconfined Compression Test
    • References
  • Dynamic Analysis
    • Relation to Equivalent-Linear Methods
      • Characteristics of Equivalent-Linear Method
      • Characteristics of Fully Nonlinear Method
      • Applications of the Fully Nonlinear Method in Dynamic Analysis
    • Dynamic Formulation
      • Dynamic Timestep
      • Dynamic Multi-stepping
        • Shear Wave On Stiff Wall In Soft Soil: Dynamic Multi-Stepping
    • Dynamic Modeling Considerations
      • Dynamic Loading and Boundary Conditions
        • Application of Dynamic Input
          • Shear Wave Propagation in a Vertical Bar
        • Baseline Correction
        • Quiet Boundaries
        • Free-Field Boundaries
          • Shear Wave Loading of a Model with Free-Field Boundaries
        • Deconvolution and Selection of Dynamic Boundary Conditions
      • Hydrodynamic Pressures
        • Hydrodynamic Pressure Acting on a Dam
      • Wave Transmission
        • Accurate Wave Propagation
        • Filtering
    • Dynamic Damping
      • Rayleigh Damping
        • Formulation
        • Guidelines for Selecting Rayleigh Damping Parameters
        • Example Application of Rayleigh Damping
          • Block Under Gravity — Examining Damping Options
      • Maxwell Damping
        • Formulation
          • Standard Linear Solid
          • Full Maxwell Damping Scheme
          • User Inputs and Maxwell Component Properties
        • Implementation
          • Explicit Algorithm
          • Implicit Algorithm
        • Example Application of Maxwell Damping
          • Site Response using Maxwell Damping
      • Hysteretic Damping
        • Formulation
        • Implementation
          • One-Zone Sample Loaded in Shear with Strain Rate Reversal
        • Calibration of Degradation Curves
          • One-Zone Sample Exercised at Several Cyclic Strain Levels
        • Simple Application
          • Example: One-Dimensional Earthquake Excitation of a Uniform Layer
        • Observations
        • Practical Issues When Using Hysteretic Damping
      • Local Damping
      • Artificial Viscosity
        • Example: Artificial Wave with Sharp Front
      • Integration of Damping Schemes and Nonlinear Material Models for Geo-materials
        • Natural Damping with the Mohr-Coulomb Model
        • Hysteretic Damping with the Linear Elastic Model
        • Hysteretic Damping with the Mohr-Coulomb Model
        • Spatial Variation in Damping
          • Spatial Variation in Damping
        • Structural Element Damping for Dynamic Simulations
          • Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam (FLAC3D)
    • Liquefaction Modeling
      • Finn Model*
      • P2PSand Model*
      • Comprehensive Liquefaction Constitutive Models
      • Shaking Table Test with Finn Model: Simulation of the Liquefaction of a Layer
      • Cyclic Undrained DSS Tests with P2PSand Model
    • Solving Dynamic Problems
      • Procedure for Dynamic Mechanical Simulations: Dam Foundation
      • Procedure for Dynamic Coupled Mechanical/Groundwater Simulations: Dam Foundation Wet
      • Recommended Steps for Seismic Analyses
    • Verification Problems
      • Natural Periods of an Elastic Column
      • Comparison of FLAC3D to SHAKE for a Layered, Linear-Elastic Soil Deposit
      • Comparison of FLAC3D to SHAKE for a Layered, Nonlinear-Elastic Soil Deposit
      • Slip Induced by Harmonic Shear Wave
      • Hollow Sphere Subject to an Internal Blast
      • Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam (FLAC3D)
    • Dynamic Input Wizard
      • Step 1: Import Data File into the Wizard
      • Step 2: Filtering
      • Step 3: Baseline Correction
      • Step 4: Export Data for Dynamic Analysis
    • References
  • Thermal Analysis
    • Thermal Analysis
      • Mathematical Model Description
        • Conventions and Definitions
        • Conduction
          • Energy-Balance Equation
          • Transport Law
          • Boundary and Initial Conditions
          • Mechanical Coupling — Thermal Strains
          • Fluid Coupling — Thermally Induced Pore Pressures
        • Advection
          • Energy Balance for Convective-Diffusive Heat Transport
          • Fluid Mass Balance (Slightly Compressible Fluid)
          • Transport Laws
          • Thermal-Mechanical-Pore Pressure Coupling
          • Initial and Boundary Conditions
            • Advection-Conduction Properties
            • Anisotropic Heat Conduction Properties
            • Isotropic Heat Conduction Properties
      • Numerical Formulation
        • Conduction
          • Finite-Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
          • Nodal Formulation of the Energy-Balance Equation
          • Explicit Finite-Volume Formulation
          • Implicit Finite-Volume Formulation
          • Advanced solvers used in thermal implicit logic
          • Thermal-Stress Coupling
          • Thermal Pore-Pressure Coupling
        • Advection
          • Stability and Accuracy
      • Solving Thermal-Only and Coupled-Thermal Problems
        • Thermal Conduction-Only Analysis
        • Thermal Advection-Only Analysis
          • Steady-State Conduction Solution
          • Forced Advection and Free Advection Simulations
          • Synchronization of Fluid and Thermal Times
        • Thermal-Mechanical Analysis
        • Thermal Coupling to Pore Pressure
      • Input Instructions for Thermal Analysis
        • Thermal Commands
        • Thermal FISH Variables
        • Zone-Based Temperature
      • Systems of Units for Thermal Analysis
      • Verification and Example Problems
        • Conduction in a Plane Sheet
        • Conduction in a Hollow Cylinder
        • Infinite Line Heat Source in an Infinite Medium
        • Thermal Pore Pressure Coupled Response
        • One-Dimensional Solution of Thermal Transport by Forced Convection and Conduction
        • Steady-State Convection in a Saturated Porous Medium Heated from Above
        • Steady-State Convection in a Saturated Porous Medium Heated from Below
      • References
    • Analytical Thermal Formulation
      • Introduction
      • Theory
        • The Temperature Due to a Distribution of Heat Sources
        • Boundary Conditions
      • Application in FLAC3D
      • Input Commands
      • FISH Functions
      • Verification
        • A Single Non-decaying Point Heat Source
        • Superposition of Several Non-decaying Sources
        • Boundary Conditions
        • Initial Conditions
        • Lines and Grids of Sources
        • Decaying Sources
        • Thermomechanical Effects
      • An Example Problem – Waste Repository Drift Model
    • References
    • Hydration
      • Hydration Model Description
        • Hydration-Drucker-Prager Model
      • Hydration Commands
      • Hydration Example Problems
        • Concrete Inclusion in an Elastic Medium
        • Concrete Wall on Elastic Base Plate
      • References
  • IMASS Option
    • IMASS Model **
      • Introduction
      • IMASS Constitutive Model
        • Cohesion and Tension Weakening and Frictional Strengthening
        • Post Peak Brittleness
        • Modulus Softening
        • Dilational Behavior
        • Model Main Components
          • Peak Envelope
          • Residual Envelopes
          • Elastic Properties
          • Tensile Strength Envelope
          • Bulking Behavior
        • Cohesion Weakening Frictional Strengthening Behavior
          • Strength Envelopes
          • Transition between Peak and Post-Peak Envelopes
          • Transition between Post-Peak and Ultimate Strength Envelopes
          • Stress Point Evolution Domains
          • Mohr-Coulomb Fit
          • Tension Weakening and Tension Cutoff
        • Dilation Angle
        • Modulus Softening
        • Density Adjustment
        • Ubiquitous Joints
      • Single Residual Envelope Implementation (Similar To Cavehoek) In IMASS
        • Differences between the Single Residual Envelope Implementation in IMASS and the CaveHoek Model
      • Sloss, an indicator for damage in IMASS
      • Examples
        • Single-Zone Unconfined Compression Test with IMASS Model
        • Multi-Zone Confined Compression Test with IMASS Model
        • Pillar Stability with IMASS Model
        • Slope Stability with IMASS Model
        • Underground Tunnel Stability with IMASS Model
      • Properties In IMASS
        • Unit System
        • Resetting Properties
  • Cluster Option
    • Cluster Computing in FLAC3D
      • Introduction
      • Supported FLAC3D Features
    • Using the Cluster Option in FLAC3D
      • Launching FLAC3D in Cluster Mode
      • Configuring the Model for Cluster Mode
      • Cluster Option Licenses
    • Cluster Option Examples
      • Open Pit Excavation in Cluster Mode
      • Maxwell Damping Analysis in Cluster Mode
    • Frequently Asked Questions
      • List of Supported MPI Implementations
      • Supported Operating Systems
      • Hardware Requirements for Cluster Option
      • How to Prepare the Model for Cluster Mode
      • Use the Cluster Option Effectively
  • C++ Option
• FLAC Examples
  • Tutorials
    • FLAC2D
      • Tutorial: Quick Start
        • Help
        • Sketch
        • Model
        • Data File
        • Plotting
        • Factor of Safety
      • Tutorial: Illustrative Model — Mechanics of Using FLAC2D
        • Create a New Project
          • Discussion
          • In the Interface
        • Generate the Grid
          • Discussion
          • In the Interface
        • Create Model Groups
          • Discussion
          • In the Interface
        • Specifying Models, Boundaries, and Initial Conditions
          • Discussion: Assigning a Constitutive Model
          • Discussion: Applying Boundary Conditions
          • Discussion: Specify Initial Conditions
        • Step to Equilibrium
          • Discussion: Stepping to Equilibrium
          • In the Interface
        • Alter Model: Excavation
          • Discussion: Performing Alterations
          • Further Discussion: Performing Alterations
        • Examine Model: Plotting
          • Discussion: Observing Failure
          • In the Interface
        • Further Alterations: Support
          • Discussion: Installing Cables
          • Further Discussion: Using Save/Restore and Staged Modeling
          • In the Interface
        • Project Finishing
          • Discussion: Project Completion
          • In the Interface: Finishing
    • FLAC3D
      • Tutorial: Quick Start
      • Tutorial: Illustrative Model — Mechanics of Using FLAC3D
        • Create a New Project
          • In the Interface
        • Generate the Grid
          • Further Discussion: Meshing With Primitives
          • In the Interface
        • Create Model Groups
          • Further Discussion: Model Groups
          • In the Interface
        • Specifying Constitutive Model and Material Properties
        • Specifying Initial and Boundary Conditions
        • Step to Equilibrium
          • Further Discussion: Step to Equilibrium
          • In the Interface
        • Alter Model: Excavation
          • Further Discussion: Performing Alterations
        • Examine Model: Plotting
          • In the Interface
        • Further Alterations: Support
          • Further Discussion: Using Save/Restore and Staged Modeling
        • Project Finishing
          • In the Interface: Finishing
    • About Tutorials
  • Example Applications
    • FLAC2D
      • Undrained Cylindrical Cavity Expansion in a Cam-Clay Medium
      • Wharf Subjected to Earthquake Loading
      • Simulation of Pull-Tests for Fully Bonded Rock Reinforcement
      • Slope Stability for a Cohesive and Frictional Soil
      • Axisymmetric Modeling of Post-Pillar Mining
      • Cemented Backfill Pillar Performance
      • Post-peak Pillar Behavior and the Effects of Backfill Confinement
      • Full-Scale Test Wall in Sand
      • Stresses around a Pressurized Concrete Tunnel
      • Analysis of a Concrete Diaphragm Wall
      • Multistage Tunnel Excavation and Support
      • Pile-Supported Highway Embankment
      • Swelling of a Fully Wetted Slope
      • Dewatered Construction of a Braced Excavation
      • Tailing Dam Static Liquefaction
      • Rainfall on a Slope
      • Installation of a Triple-Anchored Excavation Wall
      • FOS Calculated for Jointed Rock Slopes
      • Fluid Flow Towards a Tunnel
      • Tunnel Through a Fractured Rock (Voronoi)
      • UCS Test on a Fractured Sample (DFN)
    • FLAC3D
      • Undrained Cylindrical Cavity Expansion in a Cam-Clay Medium
      • Wharf Subjected to Earthquake Loading
      • Simulation of Pull-Tests for Fully Bonded Rock Reinforcement
      • Influence of Slope Curvature on Stability
      • Pillar Loads at Intersecting Tunnels
      • Excavation in a Saturated Soil
      • One-Dimensional Consolidation Considering Secondary Compression
      • Excavation and Support of a Shallow Tunnel
      • Grid Generation for Intersecting Tunnels
      • Pressurized Cylindrical Cavern
      • Prediction of Borehole Closure in a Salt Formation
      • Axial and Lateral Loading of a Concrete Pile
      • Wheel Load over a Buried Pipe
      • Embankment Loading on a Cam-Clay Foundation
      • Impermeable Concrete Caisson Wall with Pretensioned Tiebacks
      • Dewatered Construction of a Braced Excavation
      • Installation of a Triple-Anchored Excavation Wall
      • Reinforced Tunnel Excavation
      • Subsidence above Horizontal Cut
      • Tunnel in a Jointed Anisotropic Elastic Material
      • Valley Creep Deformation
      • Sleeved Triaxial Test of a Bonded Material
      • Open Pit Mine with Faults
      • Reinforced Concrete Beam
      • Tailing Dam Static Liquefaction
      • Assessment of Fault Slip Potential from Sill Pillar Mining
    • About Example Applications
  • Verification Problems
    • FLAC2D
      • Smooth Circular Footing on an Associated Mohr-Coulomb Material
      • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Hoek-Brown Medium
      • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Material
      • Rough Strip Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
      • Uniaxial Compressive Strength of a Jointed Material Sample
      • Plastic Flow in a Punch Problem
      • Brazilian Test
      • Poroelastic Response of a Borehole
        • Problem Statement
        • Closed-Form Solution
        • FLAC2D Model
        • Results and Discussion
        • Reference
      • Unconfined Flow Toward a Riverbank
      • Undrained Embankment Loading
    • FLAC3D
      • Smooth Circular Footing on an Associated Mohr-Coulomb Material
      • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Hoek-Brown Medium
      • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Material
      • Rough Strip Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
      • Uniaxial Compressive Strength of a Jointed Material Sample
      • Borehole Behavior in Elastic Anisotropic Materials
      • Smooth Square Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
      • Drained and Undrained Triaxial Compression Test on a Cam-Clay Sample
      • Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam
      • Simple Slope in Hoek-Brown Material
      • Brazilian Test
      • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Curved Mohr-Coulomb Medium (FLAC3D)
    • About Verification Problems
• Indexes & Maps
  • FLAC Examples
  • FLAC Commands
  • FLAC FISH
  • Mapping Commands from Old to New FLAC3D Syntax
  • Mapping FISH from Old to New FLAC3D Syntax
  • Mapping Commands from Old to New FLAC2D Syntax
  • Mapping FISH from Old to New FLAC2D Syntax

Maps

FLAC3D

• Mapping Commands from Old to New FLAC3D Syntax

• Mapping FISH from Old to New FLAC3D Syntax

FLAC2D

• Mapping Commands from Old to New FLAC2D Syntax

• Mapping FISH from Old to New FLAC2D Syntax