Itasca’s Particle Flow Code Documentation

• Program Guide
  • Modeling Methodology
    • General Approach
    • General Solution Procedure, Illustrated
    • 2D vs. 3D Models
    • Modeling Data-Limited Systems
    • Modeling Chaotic Systems
    • Localization, Physical Instability, and Path-Dependence
    • Factor of Safety
      • Factor of Safety Defined
      • Computational Methods for Factor of Safety Calculation of Slopes
        • Strength Reduction Technique
        • Limit Analysis
        • Limit Equilibrium
        • Relation of Strength Reduction Method to Limit Equilibrium and Limit Analysis
      • Strength Reduction Procedure in FLAC3D and 3DEC
        • Strength Reduction Properties
          • Mohr-Coulomb Material
          • Ubiquitous-Joint Material
          • Hoek-Brown Material
          • Interfaces (FLAC3D)
          • Coulomb Joints (3DEC)
      • Example Factor of Safety Calculations using the Strength Reduction Method
        • In 3DEC
          • Example: FOS Calculations Using the Strength Reduction Method
            • Failure Modes of a Simple Slope in Jointed Mohr-Coulomb Material
          • Verification: Tests for a Simple Slope in Hoek-Brown Material
            • Factor of Safety with respect to Shear Strength
          • Factor of Safety Contours
        • In FLAC3D
          • Failure of a Slope with a Complex Surface Profile in a Mohr-Coulomb Material
          • Influence of Slope Curvature on Stability
          • Simple Slope in Hoek-Brown Material
          • Automatic Calculation of a Stable Pit Slope Angle
          • Factor of Safety Contours
      • References
    • Code-Specific Considerations
      • 2D vs. 3D models in PFC
      • Particle Shape in PFC
    • References
  • Underpinnings
    • Timestep
    • Determinism
    • Large Strain/Small Strain
    • Notations
    • Sign Conventions
    • Stress Sign Conventions
    • Stress/Strain Invariants
    • System of Units
      • Mechanical Analysis
      • Thermal Analysis
      • Fluid Analysis
      • Structural Elements
    • Precision Limits
  • Program Mechanics
    • Commands (& Scripting)
      • How Commands Work
        • Command Syntax
        • Command Shaping
        • Command Entry in the Console Pane
        • Command and FISH Highlighting in the Program
        • Command and FISH Reference Notation in the Documents
        • Command Tools
        • Commands: Additional Material
      • The Console Pane
        • Console Pane Toolbar
        • Control Panel
      • Commands, a Rationale
        • Why A Command-Driven Interface?
        • Why FISH?
    • Projects
      • How Projects Work
      • Handling Projects
      • The Project Pane
        • Project Pane Toolbar
        • Project-Related Keyboard Commands
        • Control Panel
        • Projects: Further Description
      • "Open into Project" Dialog
      • Projects and Item Tracking
      • Project Bundle Files
        • Create a Bundle
        • Open a Bundle
        • Bundle Report
      • FISH Global Symbols Control Set
    • Data Files
      • How Data Files Work
      • Data File Handling
        • Create
        • Open or Call
        • Rename
        • Duplicate
        • Close
        • Print
        • Un-hide
      • The Editor Pane
        • Editor Pane Toolbar
        • Control Panel
        • Inline Help
        • Keyboard
        • Selection in an Editor Pane
        • Editor Pane Local Options
        • File Storage and the Editor Pane
    • Other Inputs
      • Geometry Files
        • Itasca Geometry File Format
      • DFN Files
        • DFN-Related File Formats
      • Data (Vectors, etc.) Files
        • Label File Formats
        • Scalar File Formats
        • Tensor File Formats
        • Vector File Formats
      • Table Files
        • Table File Format
      • Plot Files
      • Grid Files
        • Itasca Grid Format
    • Listings
      • The Listing Pane
        • Listing Pane Toolbar
        • Control Panel
        • Keyboard
    • Plotting
      • How Plots Work
      • The Plot Pane
        • View Manipulation
        • View Pane Toolbar
        • Add Items
        • Handling Plot Items
      • Plot Items Reference
        • Plot Items in Common
          • Axes
          • Fracture
          • Fracture Intersections
          • Fracture Rosette
          • Fracture Stereonet
          • Geometry
          • History
          • History Locations
          • Labels
          • Particle Trace
          • Scalars
          • ScaleBox
          • Table Chart
          • Tensors
          • Vectors
        • Plot Items in PFC
          • Ball
          • Ball CFD (PFC3D only)
          • Ball Thermal
          • Clump
          • Clump CFD (PFC3D Only)
          • Clump Template
          • Clump Thermal
          • Contact
          • Contact Thermal
          • DFN Fracture Contour
          • Domain
          • Element CFD
          • Measure
          • Rigid Block
          • Rigid Block Template
          • Wall
          • Wall Thermal
        • Plot Items in FLAC3D
          • Attach Conditions
          • Beam
          • Boundary
          • Cable
          • Face
          • Factor of Safety
          • Geogrid
          • GP Fixity
          • Interface
          • IsoSurface
          • Liner
          • Pile
          • Profile
          • Shell
          • Tensors (Zone)
          • Tracked Particles
          • Vectors (Structural Elements)
          • Vectors (Zones)
          • Water Table
          • Zone
          • Zone Group Surfaces
        • Standard Attribute Controls
          • Color
          • Color-List
          • Color Opt
          • Contour
          • Cut-Line
          • Def-fac
          • Font
          • Hide-Null
          • Legend
          • Line
          • Map
          • Polygons
          • Scale
          • Shape
          • Transparency
      • Plot Items Control Set
        • Cutting Tool
        • Clip Box
        • Range
          • The Build Range Dialog
          • Range Element Index
            • Rectangle
            • Polygon
            • Ellipse
            • X Position
            • Y Position
            • Z Position
            • Sphere
            • Annulus
            • Cylinder
            • Plane
            • Geometry Distance
            • Geometry Int Count
            • DFN Distance
            • Remove
            • Model Ranges
            • Saved Plot Filters
            • ID
            • ID List
            • Fish
            • Group
            • Contact
            • FID
            • FIDList
            • Extra
            • Extra List
            • Set
            • Radius
      • Plotting Utilities
        • Mouse Tools
        • Information Control Set
    • Solving
      • Cycling dialog
      • Warnings dialog
    • Saving
      • How Save Files Work
      • Save File Handling
      • How Results Files Work
      • Results File Handling
      • The State Record Pane
        • Tools in the State Record Pane
    • Python
      • IPython Pane
    • Program Layout, Configuration, Tools
      • The Program Window
        • Panes
          • Resizing
          • Moving
          • Stacking
          • Floating and Docking
          • Hiding and Closing
          • Showing and Opening
          • Pane Menu and Tab Menu
        • Toolbar
        • Control Panel
          • Control Sets
        • Menus
          • File Menu
          • Edit Menu
          • Layout Menu
          • Documents Menu
          • Panes Menu
          • Tools Menu
          • Help Menu
      • Options Dialog
        • General Options
        • FISH Options
        • Email Options
        • Start-up Options
        • Editor Options
        • Plots Options
        • Movie Options
        • Console Options
        • Listings Options
        • Results Options
      • Layouts
      • Common Dialogs
        • Generate Movie Frames
        • License Submenu
          • Specify License Location ...
          • Show Claimed Licenses ...
          • Request License Change ...
          • Apply License Update ...
        • Startup Dialog
        • Hardware Lock Not Detected! Dialog
        • Update Alert
        • Request Technical Support … Dialog
    • Support
      • Documentation
        • Help With Commands
      • Technical Support
        • The Technical Support Dialog
        • Finding a License Number
        • Bug Reporting
      • Installation
        • Standard License
        • Network License
        • Web License
          • Running on AWS
      • Security
        • Program License
        • License Number
      • Program Updates
        • Get Program Updates
        • Get the Program Revision History
  • Constitutive Models
    • Constitutive Models in FLAC3D and 3DEC
    • Incremental Formulation
    • Null Model Group
      • Null Model
    • Elastic Model Group
      • Isotropic Elastic Model
      • Anisotropic (Transversely) Elastic Model
      • Orthotropic Elastic Model
    • Plastic Model Group
      • Drucker-Prager Model
      • Mohr-Coulomb Model
      • Ubiquitous-Joint Model
      • Anisotropic-Elasticity Ubiquitous-Joint Model
      • Strain-Softening/Hardening Mohr-Coulomb (SSoft) Model
      • Bilinear Strain-Softening/Hardening Ubiquitous-Joint (SUBI) Model
      • Double-Yield Model
      • Modified Cam-Clay Model
      • Hoek-Brown Model
      • Hoek-Brown-PAC Model
      • Cap-Yield (CYSoil) Model*
      • Simplified Cap-Yield (CHSoil) Model*
      • Plastic-Hardening (PH) Model*
      • Swell Model*
      • Mohr-Coulomb Tension Crack (MohrT) Model*
      • Soft-Soil Model*
      • NorSand Model*
      • Finn Model*
      • P2PSand Model*
      • IMASS Model**
        • Introduction
        • IMASS Constitutive Model
          • Cohesion and Tension Weakening and Frictional Strengthening
          • Post Peak Brittleness
          • Modulus Softening
          • Dilational Behavior
          • Model Main Components
            • Peak Envelope
            • Residual Envelopes
            • Elastic Properties
            • Tensile Strength Envelope
            • Bulking Behavior
          • Cohesion Weakening Frictional Strengthening Behavior
            • Strength Envelopes
            • Transition between Peak and Post-Peak Envelopes
            • Transition between Post-Peak and Ultimate Strength Envelopes
            • Stress Point Evolution Domains
            • Mohr-Coulomb Fit
            • Tension Weakening and Tension Cutoff
          • Dilation Angle
          • Modulus Softening
          • Density Adjustment
          • Ubiquitous Joints
        • Single Residual Envelope Implementation (Similar To Cavehoek) In IMASS
          • Differences between the Single Residual Envelope Implementation in IMASS and the CaveHoek Model
        • Sloss, an indicator for damage in IMASS
        • Examples using IMASS
          • Single-Zone Unconfined Compression Test with IMASS Model
          • Multi-Zone Confined Compression Test with IMASS Model
          • Pillar Stability with IMASS Model
          • Slope Stability with IMASS Model
          • Underground Tunnel Stability with IMASS Model
        • Properties In IMASS
          • Unit System
          • Resetting Properties
    • Creep Constitutive Models in 3DEC and FLAC3D
      • Description of Creep Constitutive Models
        • Maxwell Model
        • Burgers Model
        • Power Model
        • WIPP Model
        • Burgers-Mohr Model
        • Power-Mohr Model
        • Power-Ubiquitous Model
        • WIPP-Drucker Model
        • WIPP-Salt Model
        • Soft-Soil-Creep Model*
      • Solving Creep Problems
        • Creep Timestep
        • Automatic Adjustment of the Creep Timestep
        • Temperature Dependency
      • Input Instructions for Creep Modeling
        • Creep Commands
        • Creep FISH Variables
      • Verification and Example Problems
        • Maxwell/Kelvin/Burgers Model: Parallel-Plate Viscometer
        • WIPP-Type Models: Parallel-Plate Viscometer
        • Power Model: Cylindrical Cavity
        • Power-Mohr Model: Cylindrical Cavity
        • WIPP Model: Cylindrical Cavity
        • Power Model: Spherical Cavity
        • Maxwell Model: Oedometer Test
        • Kelvin Model: Oedometer Test
        • Maxwell/Burgers Model: Compression Test
        • Burgers-Mohr/Power-Mohr Model: Loading/Unloading Compression Test
        • WIPP-Drucker Model: Comparison with Drucker-Prager Model
        • WIPP-Drucker Model: Compression Test Showing Localization
        • WIPP-Salt Model: Hydrostatic Compression Test
        • WIPP-Salt Model: Shear Compression Test
        • Soft-Soil-Creep Model: Triaxial Consolidated Undrained Loading
      • References
    • Model Tests and Examples
      • Oedometer Test with Mohr-Coulomb Model
      • Uniaxial Compressive Strength of a Jointed Material Sample
      • Isotropic Consolidation Test with Double-Yield Model
      • Isotropic Consolidation Test with Modified Cam-Clay Model
      • Triaxial Compression Test with Hoek-Brown Model
      • Triaxial Compression Test with Hoek-Brown-PAC Model
      • Isotropic Compression Test with CYSoil Model
      • Oedometer Test with CYSoil Model
      • Drained Triaxial Test with CYSoil Model — Constant Dilation
      • Drained Triaxial Test with CYSoil Model — Dilation Hardening
      • Undrained Triaxial Test with CYSoil Model
      • Drained Triaxial Compression Test with Simplified Cap-Yield (CHSoil) Model
      • Comparison between Mohr-Coulomb Model and Plastic-Hardening model
      • Comparison of Plastic-Hardening Model without and with Small-Strain Stiffness
      • Isotropic Compression Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
      • Drained Triaxial Compression Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
      • Undrained Triaxial Compression Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
      • Oedometer Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
      • Single Zone Swell Test
      • Single Zone Loading-Unloading Test with MohrT Model
      • Undrained Triaxial Test with Soft-Soil Model
      • Undrained Triaxial Test with NorSand Model
      • Single-Zone Unconfined Compression Test with IMASS Model
      • Multi-Zone Confined Compression Test with IMASS Model
      • Pillar Stability with IMASS Model
      • Underground Tunnel Stability with IMASS Model
      • Slope Stability with IMASS Model
    • References
  • Structural Elements
    • Structural Element Nodes
      • Mechanical Behavior
      • Response Quantities
      • Commands & FISH
        • Commands
          • structure node apply command
          • structure node create command
          • structure node damping-local command
          • structure node delete command
          • structure node fix command
          • structure node free command
          • structure node group command
          • structure node hide command
          • structure node history command
          • structure node initialize command
          • structure node join command
          • structure node list command
          • structure node select command
          • structure node system-local command
        • FISH Functions
          • struct.node.acc.global
          • struct.node.acc.local
          • struct.node.apply
          • struct.node.apply.local
          • struct.node.convergence
          • struct.node.damp.local
          • struct.node.disp.global
          • struct.node.disp.local
          • struct.node.dynamic.timestep
          • struct.node.elements
          • struct.node.extra
          • struct.node.find
          • struct.node.fix
          • struct.node.fix.local
          • struct.node.force.unbal.global
          • struct.node.force.unbal.local
          • struct.node.group
          • struct.node.group.remove
          • struct.node.head
          • struct.node.id
          • struct.node.id.component
          • struct.node.isgroup
          • struct.node.link
          • struct.node.list
          • struct.node.mark
          • struct.node.mass.added
          • struct.node.mass.local
          • struct.node.maxid
          • struct.node.near
          • struct.node.next
          • struct.node.num
          • struct.node.pos
          • struct.node.pos.reference
          • struct.node.ratio
          • struct.node.ratio.target
          • struct.node.resultant
          • struct.node.stiff.local
          • struct.node.surface.valid
          • struct.node.surface.xdir
          • struct.node.system.local
          • struct.node.system.surface
          • struct.node.temp.increment
          • struct.node.typeid
          • struct.node.vel.global
          • struct.node.vel.local
    • Structural Element Links
      • Introduction
      • Link Model Properties
      • Compression vs. Tension Direction
      • Manually setting link properties
      • Commands & FISH
        • Commands
          • structure link attach command
          • structure link create command
          • structure link delete command
          • structure link group command
          • structure link hide command
          • structure link history command
          • structure link  list command
          • structure link property command
          • structure link  select command
          • structure link slide command
          • structure link tolerance-contact command
          • structure link tolerance-node command
          • structure link slide-tolerance command
        • FISH Functions
          • struct.link.attach
          • struct.link.delete
          • struct.link.extra
          • struct.link.find
          • struc.link.group
          • struc.link.group.remove
          • struct.link.head
          • struct.link.id
          • struct.link.id.component
          • struc.link.group.remove
          • struct.link.list
          • struct.link.maxid
          • struct.link.model
          • struct.link.model.area
          • struct.link.model.compression
          • struct.link.model.disp
          • struct.link.model.force
          • struct.link.model.gap
          • struct.link.model.gap.neg
          • struct.link.model.gap.pos
          • struct.link.model.prop
          • struct.link.model.stiffness
          • struct.link.model.tension
          • struct.link.model.yield
          • struct.link.next
          • struct.link.node
          • struct.link.num
          • struct.link.side
          • struct.link.slide
          • struct.link.slide.tol
          • struct.link.target
          • struct.link.type
          • struct.link.typeid
          • struct.link.used.by
    • Beam Structural Elements
      • Mechanical Behavior
      • Response Quantities
      • Properties
      • Example Applications
        • Tutorial: Braced Support of a Vertical Excavation
        • Simple Beam — Two Equal Concentrated Loads — Beam Elements
        • Cantilever Beam with Applied Moment at Tip — Beam Elements
        • Buckling of an Axially Loaded Beam
        • Plastic Hinge Formation in a Beam Structure
      • Commands & FISH
        • Commands
          • structure beam apply command
          • structure beam create command
          • structure beam delete command
          • structure beam group command
          • structure beam hide command
          • structure beam history command
          • structure beam import command
          • structure beam initialize command
          • structure beam list command
          • structure beam property command
          • structure beam refine command
          • structure beam select command
        • FISH Functions
          • struct.beam.area
          • struct.beam.force
          • struct.beam.length
          • struct.beam.load
          • struct.beam.moi
          • struct.beam.moment
          • struct.beam.moment.plastic
          • struct.beam.moment.plastic.y
          • struct.beam.moment.plastic.z
          • struct.beam.poisson
          • struct.beam.volume
          • struct.beam.ydir
          • struct.beam.young
    • Cable Structural Elements
      • Mechanical Behavior
      • Properties
      • Example Applications
        • Cable-Reinforced Beam
        • Soil Nailing
      • Commands & FISH
        • Commands
          • structure cable apply
          • structure cable create command
          • structure cable delete
          • structure cable group
          • structure cable hide
          • structure cable history
          • structure cable import command
          • structure cable initialize
          • structure cable list
          • structure cable property
          • structure cable refine
          • structure cable select
        • FISH Functions
          • struct.cable.area
          • struct.cable.force.axial
          • struct.cable.grout.cohesion
          • struct.cable.grout.confining
          • struct.cable.grout.dir
          • struct.cable.grout.disp
          • struct.cable.grout.friction
          • struct.cable.grout.perimeter
          • struct.cable.grout.slip
          • struct.cable.grout.stiffness
          • struct.cable.grout.stress
          • struct.cable.length
          • struct.cable.slide
          • struct.cable.slide.tol
          • struct.cable.state.compression
          • struct.cable.state.tension
          • struct.cable.strain.plastic
          • struct.cable.stress.axial
          • struct.cable.table.grout.cohesion
          • struct.cable.table.grout.friction
          • struct.cable.volume
          • struct.cable.yield.compression
          • struct.cable.yield.tension
          • struct.cable.young
    • Hybrid Bolt Structural Elements
      • Mechanical Behavior
      • Implementation
      • Properties
        • Calibration
          • Influence of Segment Length and Dowel Length
          • The Calibration Steps
          • Orientation-Dependent Shear Strength
          • Effect of Joint Friction Angle on Bolt Load Capacity
        • HTML Calibration Tool
      • Example Applications
        • Example: Shear Pull-Tests for Hybrid bolts in 3DEC
          • Simple Shear Test
          • Simple Pullout Test
        • Example: Shear Pull-Tests for a Hybrid bolts in FLAC3D
          • Simple Shear Test
          • Simple Pullout Test
      • References
      • Commands & FISH
        • Commands
          • structure hybrid apply command
          • structure hybrid create command
          • structure hybrid group
          • structure hybrid hide
          • structure hybrid history
          • structure hybrid import command
          • structure hybrid initialize
          • structure hybrid list command
          • structure hybrid property
          • structure hybrid select
          • structure hybrid delete
        • FISH Functions
          • struct.hybrid.dowellist
          • struct.hybrid.rupture.dowel
          • struct.hybrid.rupture.tension
    • Pile Structural Elements
      • Mechanical Behavior
      • Response Quantities
      • Properties
      • Example Applications
        • Axially Loaded Pile
        • Laterally Loaded Pile
      • Commands & FISH
        • Commands
          • structure pile apply
          • structure pile create command
          • structure pile delete command
          • structure pile group command
          • structure pile hide command
          • structure pile history command
          • structure pile import command
          • structure pile initialize command
          • structure pile list command
          • structure pile property command
          • structure pile refine command
          • structure pile select command
        • FISH Functions
          • struct.pile.area
          • struct.pile.force
          • struct.pile.gap
          • struct.pile.length
          • struct.pile.load
          • struct.pile.moi
          • struct.pile.moment
          • struct.pile.moment.plastic
          • struct.pile.moment.plastic.y
          • struct.pile.moment.plastic.z
          • struct.pile.normal.cohesion
          • struct.pile.normal.dir
          • struct.pile.normal.disp
          • struct.pile.normal.friction
          • struct.pile.normal.gap
          • struct.pile.normal.state
          • struct.pile.normal.stiffness
          • struct.pile.normal.stress
          • struct.pile.perimeter
          • struct.pile.poisson
          • struct.pile.rockbolt
          • struct.pile.rupture.tension
          • struct.pile.shear.cohesion
          • struct.pile.shear.dir
          • struct.pile.shear.disp
          • struct.pile.shear.flag
          • struct.pile.shear.friction
          • struct.pile.shear.state
          • struct.pile.shear.stiffness
          • struct.pile.shear.stress
          • struct.pile.slide
          • struct.pile.slide.tol
          • struct.pile.state.compression
          • struct.pile.state.tension
          • struct.pile.strain.failure
          • struct.pile.stress.confining
          • struct.pile.table.cohesion
          • struct.pile.table.factor
          • struct.pile.table.friction
          • struct.pile.volume
          • struct.pile.ydir
          • struct.pile.yield.compression
          • struct.pile.yield.tension
          • struct.pile.young
    • Shell-Type Structural Elements
      • Mechanical Behavior
      • Response Quantities
      • Properties
    • Shell Structural Elements
      • Mechanical Behavior
      • Response Quantities
      • Properties
      • Example Applications
        • Simple Beam — Two Equal Concentrated Loads — Shell Elements
        • Cantilever Beam with Applied Moment at Tip — Shell Elements
        • Plastic Hinge Formation in a Shell Structure
        • Isotropic Rectangular Plate with Applied Pressure
        • Advancing Lined Tunnel (Rigidly Connected to Zones)
      • Commands & FISH
        • Commands
          • structure shell apply command
          • structure shell create command
          • structure shell delete command
          • structure shell group command
          • structure shell hide command
          • structure shell history command
          • structure shell import command
          • structure shell initialize command
          • structure shell list command
          • structure shell property command
          • structure shell recover command
          • structure shell refine command
          • structure shell select command
        • FISH Functions
          • struct.shell.area
          • struct.shell.beta
          • struct.shell.depth.factor
          • struct.shell.element.type
          • struct.shell.poisson
          • struct.shell.pressure
          • struct.shell.prop.anis
          • struct.shell.prop.matx
          • struct.shell.prop.ortho
          • struct.shell.prop.type
          • struct.shell.resultant
          • struct.shell.resultant.valid
          • struct.shell.stress
          • struct.shell.stress.max
          • struct.shell.stress.min
          • struct.shell.stress.prin
          • struct.shell.stress.valid
          • struct.shell.thickness
          • struct.shell.volume
          • struct.shell.young
    • Geogrid Structural Elements
      • Mechanical Behavior
      • Response Quantities
      • Properties
      • Example Applications
        • Simple Test of Geogrid-Soil Interface Behavior
        • Geogrid Pull-out Test
        • Geogrid-Reinforced Embankment
      • Commands & FISH
        • Commands
          • structure geogrid apply command
          • structure geogrid create command
          • structure geogrid delete command
          • structure geogrid group command
          • structure geogrid hide command
          • structure geogrid history command
          • structure geogrid import command
          • structure geogrid initialize command
          • structure geogrid list command
          • structure geogrid property command
          • structure geogrid recover command
          • structure geogrid refine command
          • structure geogrid select command
        • FISH Functions
          • struct.geogrid.shear.cohesion
          • struct.geogrid.shear.dir
          • struct.geogrid.shear.disp
          • struct.geogrid.shear.friction
          • struct.geogrid.shear.state
          • struct.geogrid.shear.stiffness
          • struct.geogrid.shear.stress
          • struct.geogrid.slide
          • struct.geogrid.slide.tol
          • struct.geogrid.stress.confining
    • Liner Structural Elements
      • Mechanical Behavior
      • Response Quantities
      • Properties
      • Example Applications
        • Simple Test of Liner-Zone Interface Behavior
        • Demonstration of Large-Strain Sliding
        • Advancing Lined Tunnel (Slip at Liner-Soil Interface)
        • Liner-Reinforced Beam
        • Embedded Retaining Wall
      • Commands & FISH
        • Commands
          • structure liner apply command
          • structure liner create command
          • structure liner delete command
          • structure liner gap-factor command
          • structure liner group command
          • structure liner hide command
          • structure liner history command
          • structure liner import command
          • structure liner initialize command
          • structure liner list command
          • structure liner property command
          • structure liner recover command
          • structure liner refine command
          • structure liner select command
        • FISH Functions
          • struct.liner.embedded
          • struct.liner.normal.dir
          • struct.liner.normal.disp
          • struct.liner.normal.stiffness
          • struct.liner.normal.strength
          • struct.liner.normal.stress
          • struct.liner.shear.cohesion
          • struct.liner.shear.dir
          • struct.liner.shear.disp
          • struct.liner.shear.friction
          • struct.liner.shear.residual
          • struct.liner.shear.state
          • struct.liner.shear.stiffness
          • struct.liner.shear.stress
          • struct.liner.slide
          • struct.liner.slide.tol
    • General Formulation of Structural-Element Logic
      • Structural-Element Links
      • Finite Element Stiffness Matrices
      • Stress Recovery Procedure
      • Governing Equations
      • Central-Difference Approximations
      • Accumulated Out-of-Balance Force Vector
      • Mass Matrix
      • Damping Formulation
      • Computation of Stable Timestep
      • Mass Scaling
      • Computational Algorithm
    • References
    • structure Commands & FISH (all)
      • Commands
        • structure damping command
        • structure dynamic command
        • structure list command
        • structure mechanical command
        • structure ratio command
        • structure results command
        • structure safety-factor command
        • structure scale-rotational-mass command
      • FISH Functions
        • struct.connectivity
        • struct.delete
        • struct.density
        • struct.extra
        • struct.find
        • struct.force.nodal
        • struct.force.nodal.local
        • struct.force.update
        • struct.group
        • struct.group.remove
        • struct.head
        • struct.id
        • struct.id.component
        • struct.isgroup
        • struct.list
        • struct.local.system
        • struct.mark
        • struct.maxid
        • struct.mech.convergence
        • struct.mech.ratio.avg
        • struct.mech.ratio.local
        • struct.mech.ratio.max
        • struct.near
        • struct.next
        • struct.node
        • struct.num
        • struct.pos
        • struct.therm.expansion
        • struct.type
        • struct.typeid
        • struct.was.updated
  • Common Commands and FISH
    • Data
      • Commands
        • data label create command
        • data label delete command
        • data label list command
        • data label modify command
        • data label results command
        • data scalar create command
        • data scalar delete command
        • data scalar export command
        • data scalar group command
        • data scalar import command
        • data scalar list command
        • data scalar results command
        • data tensor create command
        • data tensor delete command
        • data tensor export command
        • data tensor group command
        • data tensor import command
        • data tensor list command
        • data tensor results command
        • data vector create command
        • data vector delete command
        • data vector export command
        • data vector group command
        • data vector import command
        • data vector list command
        • data vector results command
      • FISH Functions
        • Label Functions
          • data.label.arrow
          • data.label.create
          • data.label.delete
          • data.label.end
          • data.label.find
          • data.label.group
          • data.label.group.remove
          • data.label.head
          • data.label.isgroup
          • data.label.list
          • data.label.maxid
          • data.label.name
          • data.label.next
          • data.label.num
          • data.label.pos
          • data.label.text
          • data.label.typeid
        • Scalar Functions
          • data.scalar.create
          • data.scalar.delete
          • data.scalar.extra
          • data.scalar.find
          • data.scalar.group
          • data.scalar.group.remove
          • data.scalar.head
          • data.scalar.id
          • data.scalar.isgroup
          • data.scalar.list
          • data.scalar.maxid
          • data.scalar.near
          • data.scalar.next
          • data.scalar.num
          • data.scalar.pos
          • data.scalar.typeid
          • data.scalar.value
        • Tensor Functions
          • data.tensor.create
          • data.tensor.delete
          • data.tensor.extra
          • data.tensor.find
          • data.tensor.group
          • data.tensor.group.remove
          • data.tensor.head
          • data.tensor.id
          • data.tensor.isgroup
          • data.tensor.list
          • data.tensor.maxid
          • data.tensor.near
          • data.tensor.next
          • data.tensor.num
          • data.tensor.pos
          • data.tensor.typeid
          • data.tensor.value
        • Vector Functions
          • data.vector.create
          • data.vector.ddir
          • data.vector.delete
          • data.vector.dip
          • data.vector.extra
          • data.vector.find
          • data.vector.group
          • data.vector.group.remove
          • data.vector.head
          • data.vector.id
          • data.vector.isgroup
          • data.vector.list
          • data.vector.maxid
          • data.vector.near
          • data.vector.next
          • data.vector.num
          • data.vector.pos
          • data.vector.typeid
          • data.vector.value
    • Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)
      • Overview
        • Base Model Components
        • Generating Stochastic Fracture Sets or DFNs
      • Commands
        • fracture aperture command
        • fracture attribute command
        • fracture cluster command
        • fracture combine command
        • fracture compute command
        • fracture connectivity command
        • fracture contact-model command
        • fracture copy command
        • fracture create command
        • fracture delete command
        • fracture dfn-extra command
        • fracture dfn-group command
        • fracture export command
        • fracture extra command
        • fracture generate command
        • fracture group command
        • fracture import command
        • fracture initialize command
        • fracture intersections automatic-update command
        • fracture intersections compute command
        • fracture intersections delete command
        • fracture intersections scanline command
        • fracture joint-set command
        • fracture list command
        • fracture property command
        • fracture prune command
        • fracture results command
        • fracture set-property command
        • fracture template create command
        • fracture template delete command
        • fracture template modify-default command
        • fracture verify-file command
      • FISH Functions
        • dfn functions
          • dfn.contact.list
          • dfn.contact.list.all
          • dfn.contactmap
          • dfn.contactmap.all
          • dfn.create
          • dfn.delete
          • dfn.dominance
          • dfn.extra
          • dfn.find
          • dfn.fracturelist
          • dfn.fracturenum
          • dfn.group
          • dfn.group.remove
          • dfn.id
          • dfn.isgroup
          • dfn.list
          • dfn.maxid
          • dfn.name
          • dfn.num
          • dfn.prop
          • dfn.template
          • dfn.typeid
        • dfn.template functions
          • fracture.template.ddirmax
          • fracture.template.ddirmin
          • fracture.template.dipmax
          • fracture.template.dipmin
          • fracture.template.find
          • fracture.template.id
          • fracture.template.list
          • fracture.template.maxid
          • fracture.template.name
          • fracture.template.norientparam
          • fracture.template.nposparam
          • fracture.template.nsizeparam
          • fracture.template.num
          • fracture.template.orientparam
          • fracture.template.orienttype
          • fracture.template.posparam
          • fracture.template.postype
          • fracture.template.sizemax
          • fracture.template.sizemin
          • fracture.template.sizeparam
          • fracture.template.sizetype
          • fracture.template.typeid
        • fracture functions
          • fracture.aperture
          • fracture.area
          • fracture.centerdensity
          • fracture.contact.list
          • fracture.contact.list.all
          • fracture.contactmap
          • fracture.contactmap.all
          • fracture.copy
          • fracture.create
          • fracture.ddir
          • fracture.decimate
          • fracture.delete
          • fracture.density
          • fracture.dfn
          • fracture.diameter
          • fracture.dip
          • fracture.extra
          • fracture.find
          • fracture.genpos
          • fracture.gensize
          • fracture.geomp10
          • fracture.geomp20
          • fracture.geomp21
          • fracture.geomtrace
          • fracture.gintersect
          • fracture.group
          • fracture.group.remove
          • fracture.id
          • fracture.inbox
          • fracture.interarray
          • fracture.intersect
          • fracture.isdisk
          • fracture.isgroup
          • fracture.isprop
          • fracture.len
          • fracture.list
          • fracture.maxid
          • fracture.near
          • fracture.normal
          • fracture.num
          • fracture.p10
          • fracture.percolation
          • fracture.pointnear
          • fracture.pos
          • fracture.prop
          • fracture.typeid
          • fracture.vertexarray
          • fracture.vertexlist
        • fracture.intersection functions
          • fracture.intersect.end1
          • fracture.intersect.end2
          • fracture.intersect.find
          • fracture.intersect.len
          • fracture.intersect.list
          • fracture.intersect.maxid
          • fracture.intersect.npolylinept
          • fracture.intersect.num
          • fracture.intersect.polylinept
          • fracture.intersect.pos1
          • fracture.intersect.pos2
          • fracture.intersect.set
          • fracture.intersect.typeid
        • fracture.intersection.set functions
          • fracture.intersect.set.delete
          • fracture.intersect.set.find
          • fracture.intersect.set.id
          • fracture.intersect.set.interlist
          • fracture.intersect.set.internum
          • fracture.intersect.set.list
          • fracture.intersect.set.maxid
          • fracture.intersect.set.name
          • fracture.intersect.set.num
          • fracture.intersect.set.path
          • fracture.intersect.set.typeid
        • fracture.vertex functions
          • fracture.vertex.find
          • fracture.vertex.list
          • fracture.vertex.maxid
          • fracture.vertex.num
          • fracture.vertex.pos
          • fracture.vertex.typeid
    • Domain
      • Commands
        • domain.condition command
        • domain.extent command
        • domain.strain-rate command
      • FISH Functions
        • domain.condition
        • domain.max
        • domain.min
        • domain.strain.rate
    • FISH
      • FISH Commands
        • fish automatic-create command
        • fish boolean-convert command
        • fish callback command
        • fish debug command
        • fish define command
        • fish history command
        • fish list command
        • fish operator command
        • fish result command
        • fish structure command
        • fish trace command
    • Geometry
      • Commands
        • geometry assign-groups command
        • geometry copy command
        • geometry delete command
        • geometry edge create command
        • geometry edge delete command
        • geometry edge export command
        • geometry edge extra command
        • geometry edge group command
        • geometry export command
        • geometry fill command
        • geometry generate command
        • geometry import command
        • geometry list command
        • geometry move-to command
        • geometry node create command
        • geometry node delete command
        • geometry node export command
        • geometry node extra command
        • geometry node group command
        • geometry paint-extra command
        • geometry polygon create command
        • geometry polygon delete command
        • geometry polygon export command
        • geometry polygon extra command
        • geometry polygon group command
        • geometry refine command
        • geometry results command
        • geometry rotate command
        • geometry select command
        • geometry separate command
        • geometry set command
        • geometry tessellate command
        • geometry translate command
        • geometry triangulate command
      • FISH Functions
        • geometry.edge Functions
          • geom.edge.create
          • geom.edge.delete
          • geom.edge.dir
          • geom.edge.extra
          • geom.edge.find
          • geom.edge.group
          • geom.edge.group.remove
          • geom.edge.id
          • geom.edge.isgroup
          • geom.edge.list
          • geom.edge.near
          • geom.edge.next.edge
          • geom.edge.next.index
          • geom.edge.node
          • geom.edge.node.pos
          • geom.edge.pos
          • geom.edge.remove
          • geom.edge.start.index
          • geom.edge.start.poly
          • geom.edge.typeid
        • geometry.node Functions
          • geom.node.create
          • geom.node.delete
          • geom.node.extra
          • geom.node.find
          • geom.node.group
          • geom.node.group.remove
          • geom.node.id
          • geom.node.isgroup
          • geom.node.list
          • geom.node.near
          • geom.node.pos
          • geom.node.remove
          • geom.node.start.edge
          • geom.node.start.index
          • geom.node.typeid
        • geometry.polygon Functions
          • geom.poly.add.edge
          • geom.poly.add.node
          • geom.poly.area
          • geom.poly.check
          • geom.poly.close
          • geom.poly.create
          • geom.poly.delete
          • geom.poly.edge
          • geom.poly.extra
          • geom.poly.find
          • geom.poly.group
          • geom.poly.group.remove
          • geom.poly.id
          • geom.poly.isgroup
          • geom.poly.list
          • geom.poly.near
          • geom.poly.next.index
          • geom.poly.next.poly
          • geom.poly.node
          • geom.poly.normal
          • geom.poly.pos
          • geom.poly.remove
          • geom.poly.size
          • geom.poly.typeid
        • geometry.set Functions
          • geom.set.closest
          • geom.set.create
          • geom.set.list
          • geom.set.delete
          • geom.set.edge.maxid
          • geom.set.edge.num
          • geom.set.find
          • geom.set.id
          • geom.set.list
          • geom.set.maxid
          • geom.set.name
          • geom.set.node.maxid
          • geom.set.node.num
          • geom.set.num
          • geom.set.poly.closest
          • geom.set.poly.maxid
          • geom.set.poly.num
          • geom.set.raydist
          • geom.set.remove
          • geom.set.typeid
    • Group
      • Commands
        • group.create command
        • group.list command
        • group.rename command
        • group.slot command
      • Group FISH Functions
        • group.find
        • group.find.slot
    • History
      • Commands
        • history delete command
        • history export command
        • history interval command
        • history label command
        • history list command
        • history purge command
        • history REName command
        • history results command
    • Model
      • Commands
        • model calm command
        • model clean command
        • model configure command
        • model creep command
        • model cycle command
        • model deterministic command
        • model display command
        • model domain command
        • model dynamic command
        • model energy command
        • model factor-of-safety command
        • model fluid command
        • model gravity command
        • model history command
        • model large-strain command
        • model list command
        • model mechanical command
        • model new command
        • model orientation-tracking command
        • model precision command
        • model random command
        • model range command
        • model restore command
        • model results command
        • model save command
        • model solve command
        • model step command
        • model thermal command
        • model title command
        • model update-interval command
    • Plot
      • Command-Driven Plotting Workflow
      • Switch/Keyword Options
        • Color
        • Color Ramps
        • Lines
        • Text
      • Commands
        • plot active command
        • plot background command
        • plot clear command
        • plot copy command
        • plot create command
        • plot current command
        • plot delete command
        • plot export command
        • plot item command
        • plot legend command
        • plot load command
        • plot movie command
        • plot outline command
        • plot print-size command
        • plot rename command
        • plot show command
        • plot title command
        • plot title-job command
        • plot update command
        • plot view command
    • Program
      • Commands
        • program automatic-model-save command
        • program call command
        • program continue command
        • program customer-title-1 command
        • program customer-title-2 command
        • program directory command
        • program echo command
        • program echo-line command
        • program encrypt command
        • program exit command
        • program floating-point-check command
        • program license command
        • program list command
        • program load command
        • program log command
        • program log-file command
        • program mail command
        • program notice command
        • program pagination command
        • program pause command
        • program playback command
        • program quit command
        • program return command
        • program stop command
        • program system command
        • program threads command
        • program undo command
        • program warning command
    • Project
      • Commands
        • project execute command
        • project list command
        • project new command
        • project restore command
        • project save command
        • project save-plugins command
    • Table
      • Commands
        • table add command
        • table clear command
        • table delete command
        • table export command
        • table import command
        • table insert command
        • table label command
        • table list command
        • table position command
        • table results command
        • table sort command
      • FISH Functions
        • table
        • table.as.list
        • table.clear
        • table.create
        • table.delete
        • table.derivative
        • table.fft
        • table.find
        • table.get
        • table.id
        • table.integrate
        • table.label
        • table.name
        • table.size
        • table.spectrum
        • table.value
        • table.x
        • table.y
    • Trace
      • Commands
        • trace delete command
        • trace export command
        • trace interval command
        • trace list command
        • trace name command
        • trace purge command
        • trace results command
    • Extra (keyword)
    • Group (keyword/command word)
      • A Command Word or A Keyword
      • Group Logic
      • Group Rules
      • Alternate Syntax
      • Data Hierarchies
      • Groups vs. Named Ranges
      • Another Way of Looking At It
    • List (keyword/command word)
    • Range (keyword)
      • The Range Phrase
      • Logical Operations in a Range Phrase
      • Named Ranges
      • Range Phrase Keyword Reference
      • FISH Functions
        • range.find
        • range.isin
    • Select & Hide (keywords)
    • Value Modifiers (add, multiply, gradient, & vary keywords)
    • Deprecated Commands and FISH
  • Index: Common Commands
  • Index: Common FISH
• PFC
  • Numerical Simulations with PFC
    • PFC Overview
      • The PFC Model
      • Distinct-Element Method
    • PFC Model Formulation
      • Model Components
      • Cycling
        • -10.0 - Validate Data Structures
        • 0.0 - Timestep Determination
        • 10.0 - Law of Motion
        • 15.0 - Body Coupling
        • 20.0 - Advance Time
        • 30.0 - Update Spatial Searching Data Structures
        • 35.0 - Create/delete Contacts
        • 40.0 - Force-displacement Law
        • 42.0 - Accumulate Deterministic Quantities
        • 45.0 - Contact Coupling
      • Energy and Dissipation Mechanisms in PFC
      • Material Modeling Support For PFC
      • Orientation Tracking
    • How to …
      • … set the model domain
      • … clean the model, and when it can be useful
      • … create particle assemblies
      • … setup and control boundary conditions
      • … control initial conditions
      • … select appropriate contact model(s)
      • … calibrate material behavior
      • … monitor a simulation
      • … solve to a target termination criterion
      • … perform sequential modeling
      • … insert custom operations in the calculation cycle
    • Release Notes
  • PFC Model Objects
    • Balls
      • Commands
        • ball accumulate-stress command
        • ball attribute command
        • ball clump command
        • ball create command
        • ball delete command
        • ball distribute command
        • ball export command
        • ball extra command
        • ball fix command
        • ball free command
        • ball generate command
        • ball group command
        • ball history command
        • ball initialize command
        • ball list command
        • ball property command
        • ball results command
        • ball tolerance command
        • ball trace command
        • ball tractions command
      • FISH Functions
        • ball.contact.list
        • ball.contact.list.all
        • ball.contactmap
        • ball.contactmap.all
        • ball.contactnum
        • ball.contactnum.all
        • ball.containing
        • ball.convergence
        • ball.create
        • ball.damp
        • ball.delete
        • ball.density
        • ball.disp
        • ball.energy
        • ball.euler
        • ball.extra
        • ball.find
        • ball.fix
        • ball.force.app
        • ball.force.contact
        • ball.force.unbal
        • ball.fragment
        • ball.group
        • ball.group.list
        • ball.group.remove
        • ball.groupmap
        • ball.id
        • ball.inbox
        • ball.inside
        • ball.isbonded
        • ball.isgroup
        • ball.isprop
        • ball.list
        • ball.mass
        • ball.mass.real
        • ball.maxid
        • ball.mech.convergence
        • ball.mech.ratio.avg
        • ball.mech.ratio.local
        • ball.mech.ratio.max
        • ball.mech.unbal.max
        • ball.moi
        • ball.moi.real
        • ball.moment.app
        • ball.moment.contact
        • ball.moment.unbal
        • ball.near
        • ball.num
        • ball.pos
        • ball.prop
        • ball.radius
        • ball.ratio
        • ball.ratio.target
        • ball.rotation
        • ball.spin
        • ball.stress
        • ball.stress.full
        • ball.typeid
        • ball.vel
        • ball.vol
    • Clumps
      • Commands
        • clump accumulate-stress command
        • clump attribute command
        • clump break command
        • clump create command
        • clump delete command
        • clump distribute command
        • clump export command
        • clump extra command
        • clump fix command
        • clump free command
        • clump generate command
        • clump group command
        • clump history command
        • clump initialize command
        • clump list command
        • clump order command
        • clump property command
        • clump replicate command
        • clump results command
        • clump rotate command
        • clump scale command
        • clump template command
        • clump tolerance command
        • clump trace command
      • FISH Functions
        • clump.addpebble
        • clump.calculate
        • clump.contact.list
        • clump.contact.list.all
        • clump.contactmap
        • clump.contactmap.all
        • clump.contactnum
        • clump.contactnum.all
        • clump.containing
        • clump.convergence
        • clump.damp
        • clump.delete
        • clump.deletepebble
        • clump.density
        • clump.disp
        • clump.energy
        • clump.euler
        • clump.extra
        • clump.find
        • clump.fix
        • clump.force.app
        • clump.force.contact
        • clump.force.unbal
        • clump.fragment
        • clump.group
        • clump.group.list
        • clump.group.remove
        • clump.groupmap
        • clump.id
        • clump.inbox
        • clump.inglobal
        • clump.inprin
        • clump.inside
        • clump.isbonded
        • clump.isgroup
        • clump.list
        • clump.mass
        • clump.mass.real
        • clump.maxid
        • clump.mech.convergence
        • clump.mech.ratio.avg
        • clump.mech.ratio.local
        • clump.mech.ratio.max
        • clump.mech.unbal.max
        • clump.moi
        • clump.moi.fix
        • clump.moi.prin
        • clump.moi.prin.real
        • clump.moi.real
        • clump.moment.app
        • clump.moment.contact
        • clump.moment.unbal
        • clump.near
        • clump.num
        • clump.pebble.clump
        • clump.pebble.contact.list
        • clump.pebble.contact.list.all
        • clump.pebble.contactmap
        • clump.pebble.contactmap.all
        • clump.pebble.contactnum
        • clump.pebble.contactnum.all
        • clump.pebble.delete
        • clump.pebble.extra
        • clump.pebble.find
        • clump.pebble.group
        • clump.pebble.group.list
        • clump.pebble.group.remove
        • clump.pebble.groupmap
        • clump.pebble.id
        • clump.pebble.inbox
        • clump.pebble.isbonded
        • clump.pebble.isgroup
        • clump.pebble.isprop
        • clump.pebble.list
        • clump.pebble.maxid
        • clump.pebble.near
        • clump.pebble.num
        • clump.pebble.pos
        • clump.pebble.prop
        • clump.pebble.radius
        • clump.pebble.typeid
        • clump.pebble.vel
        • clump.pebblelist
        • clump.pos
        • clump.prop
        • clump.ratio
        • clump.ratio.target
        • clump.rotate
        • clump.rotation
        • clump.scalesphere
        • clump.scalevol
        • clump.spin
        • clump.stress
        • clump.template
        • clump.template.addpebble
        • clump.template.clone
        • clump.template.delete
        • clump.template.deletepebble
        • clump.template.euler
        • clump.template.find
        • clump.template.findpebble
        • clump.template.list
        • clump.template.make
        • clump.template.maxid
        • clump.template.moi
        • clump.template.moi.prin
        • clump.template.name
        • clump.template.num
        • clump.template.origpos
        • clump.template.pebblelist
        • clump.template.scale
        • clump.template.typeid
        • clump.template.vol
        • clump.typeid
        • clump.vel
        • clump.vol
    • Rigid Blocks
      • Commands
        • rblock apply-facet-groups command
        • rblock attribute command
        • rblock clump command
        • rblock construct command
        • rblock contact-resolution command
        • rblock create command
        • rblock cut command
        • rblock damping command
        • rblock delete command
        • rblock densify command
        • rblock dilate command
        • rblock distribute command
        • rblock erode command
        • rblock export command
        • rblock extra command
        • rblock facet apply command
        • rblock facet apply-remove command
        • rblock facet group command
        • rblock fix command
        • rblock free command
        • rblock generate command
        • rblock group command
        • rblock hide command
        • rblock history command
        • rblock import command
        • rblock initialize command
        • rblock list command
        • rblock merge command
        • rblock property command
        • rblock refine command
        • rblock replicate command
        • rblock results command
        • rblock rotate command
        • rblock scale command
        • rblock select command
        • rblock template command
        • rblock tolerance command
        • rblock trace command
        • rblock tractions command
      • FISH Functions
        • rblock.angle
        • rblock.aspect.ratio
        • rblock.axis.angle
        • rblock.axis.long
        • rblock.ball.pos
        • rblock.ball.radius
        • rblock.contact.list
        • rblock.contact.list.all
        • rblock.contactmap
        • rblock.contactmap.all
        • rblock.contactnum
        • rblock.contactnum.all
        • rblock.containing
        • rblock.convergence
        • rblock.copy
        • rblock.damp
        • rblock.delete
        • rblock.density
        • rblock.disp
        • rblock.energy
        • rblock.euler
        • rblock.extra
        • rblock.facet.area
        • rblock.facet.centroid
        • rblock.facet.closest
        • rblock.facet.group
        • rblock.facet.group.remove
        • rblock.facet.isgroup
        • rblock.facet.list
        • rblock.facet.map
        • rblock.facet.normal
        • rblock.facet.num
        • rblock.facet.vertex.pos
        • rblock.find
        • rblock.fix
        • rblock.force.app
        • rblock.force.contact
        • rblock.force.unbal
        • rblock.fragment
        • rblock.group
        • rblock.group.list
        • rblock.group.remove
        • rblock.groupmap
        • rblock.id
        • rblock.inbox
        • rblock.inglobal
        • rblock.inprin
        • rblock.inside
        • rblock.intersect
        • rblock.isbonded
        • rblock.isgroup
        • rblock.isprop
        • rblock.length.max
        • rblock.length.min
        • rblock.list
        • rblock.mass
        • rblock.mass.real
        • rblock.maxid
        • rblock.mech.convergence
        • rblock.mech.ratio.avg
        • rblock.mech.ratio.local
        • rblock.mech.ratio.max
        • rblock.mech.unbal.max
        • rblock.moi
        • rblock.moi.fix
        • rblock.moi.prin
        • rblock.moi.prin.real
        • rblock.moi.real
        • rblock.moment.app
        • rblock.moment.contact
        • rblock.moment.unbal
        • rblock.near
        • rblock.num
        • rblock.pos
        • rblock.prin.angle
        • rblock.prin.axis.angle
        • rblock.prin.euler
        • rblock.prop
        • rblock.ratio
        • rblock.ratio.target
        • rblock.rotation
        • rblock.rounding
        • rblock.scalesphere
        • rblock.scalevol
        • rblock.spin
        • rblock.stress
        • rblock.template.delete
        • rblock.template.find
        • rblock.template.list
        • rblock.template.maxid
        • rblock.template.moi
        • rblock.template.moi.prin
        • rblock.template.name
        • rblock.template.num
        • rblock.template.typeid
        • rblock.template.vol
        • rblock.typeid
        • rblock.unbond
        • rblock.vel
        • rblock.vertex.list
        • rblock.vertex.map
        • rblock.vertex.num
        • rblock.vertex.pos
        • rblock.vol
    • Walls
      • Faceted Walls in PFC
      • Commands
        • wall active-sides command
        • wall addfacet command
        • wall attribute command
        • wall create command
        • wall delete command
        • wall export command
        • wall extra command
        • wall generate command
        • wall group command
        • wall history command
        • wall import command
        • wall initialize command
        • wall list command
        • wall property command
        • wall resolution command
        • wall results command
        • wall rotate command
        • wall servo command
        • wall tolerance command
        • wall velocity-conveyor command
      • FISH Functions
        • wall.addfacet
        • wall.closed
        • wall.contact.list
        • wall.contact.list.all
        • wall.contactmap
        • wall.contactmap.all
        • wall.contactnum
        • wall.contactnum.all
        • wall.convex
        • wall.cutoff
        • wall.delete
        • wall.disp
        • wall.energy
        • wall.euler
        • wall.extra
        • wall.facet.active
        • wall.facet.contact.list
        • wall.facet.contact.list.all
        • wall.facet.contactmap
        • wall.facet.contactmap.all
        • wall.facet.contactnum
        • wall.facet.contactnum.all
        • wall.facet.conveyor
        • wall.facet.delete
        • wall.facet.extra
        • wall.facet.find
        • wall.facet.group
        • wall.facet.group.list
        • wall.facet.group.remove
        • wall.facet.groupmap
        • wall.facet.id
        • wall.facet.inbox
        • wall.facet.isbonded
        • wall.facet.isgroup
        • wall.facet.isprop
        • wall.facet.list
        • wall.facet.maxid
        • wall.facet.near
        • wall.facet.normal
        • wall.facet.num
        • wall.facet.pair
        • wall.facet.pointnear
        • wall.facet.pos
        • wall.facet.prop
        • wall.facet.typeid
        • wall.facet.vertex
        • wall.facet.wall
        • wall.facetlist
        • wall.find
        • wall.force.contact
        • wall.fragment
        • wall.group
        • wall.group.list
        • wall.group.remove
        • wall.groupmap
        • wall.id
        • wall.inbox
        • wall.inside
        • wall.isbonded
        • wall.isgroup
        • wall.list
        • wall.maxid
        • wall.moment.contact
        • wall.name
        • wall.near
        • wall.num
        • wall.pos
        • wall.prop
        • wall.rotation
        • wall.rotation.center
        • wall.spin
        • wall.typeid
        • wall.vel
        • wall.vertex.delete
        • wall.vertex.facetarray
        • wall.vertex.find
        • wall.vertex.id
        • wall.vertex.inbox
        • wall.vertex.list
        • wall.vertex.maxid
        • wall.vertex.near
        • wall.vertex.num
        • wall.vertex.pos
        • wall.vertex.typeid
        • wall.vertex.vel
        • wall.vertexlist
  • Contacts and Contact Models
    • Contact Resolution
    • Contact Model Assignment Table (CMAT)
    • Contact Models
      • Contact Model Framework
        • Activity-Deletion Criteria
        • Force-Displacement Law
        • Energy Partitions
        • Contact Properties
        • Methods
        • Contact Callback Events
      • Built-in Contact Models
        • Null Model
        • Linear Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Linear Model Methods
            • Linear Model Properties
        • Linear Contact Bond Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Model Summary
            • Linear Contact Bond Model Methods
            • Linear Contact Bond Model Properties
        • Linear Parallel Bond Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Linear Parallel Bond Model Methods
            • Linear Parallel Bond Model Properties
        • Soft-Bond Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Soft Bond Model Methods
            • Soft Bond Model Properties
        • Rolling Resistance Linear Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Rolling Resistance Linear Model Methods
            • Rolling Resistance Linear Model Properties
        • Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model
          • Introduction
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model Methods
            • Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model Properties
        • Flat-Joint Model
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Flat-Joint Model Methods
            • Flat-Joint Model Properties
        • Smooth-Joint Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Smooth-Joint Model Methods
            • Smoothjoint Model Properties
        • Hertz Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Hertz Model Properties
        • Hysteretic Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback events
          • Model Summary
            • Hysteretic Model Properties
        • Burger’s Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Burger’s Model Properties
        • FISH Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • FISH Model Properties
        • Spring Network Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Contact Stiffness Computation
          • Fictitious Stress Correction
          • Tensile and Cohesion Tables
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Spring Network Model Methods
            • Spring Network Model Properties
        • Linear Dipole Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Model Summary
            • Linear Dipole Model Methods
            • Linear Dipole Model Properties
        • Edinburgh-Elasto-Plastic-Adhesive (EEPA) Contact Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Model Summary
            • EEPA Model Properties
        • Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) Contact Model
          • Behavior Summary
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Properties
          • Methods
          • Callback Events
          • Model Summary
            • JKR Model Properties
      • User-Defined Contact Models
    • Commands
      • cmat add command
      • cmat apply command
      • cmat default command
      • cmat list command
      • cmat modify command
      • contact cmat proximity command
      • cmat remove command
      • contact activate command
      • contact apply-group command
      • contact delete command
      • contact detection command
      • contact extra command
      • contact fix command
      • contact group command
      • contact history command
      • contact inhibit command
      • contact list command
      • contact method command
      • contact model command
      • contact persist command
      • contact property command
    • FISH Functions
      • contact.activate
      • contact.active
      • contact.area
      • contact.branch
      • contact.end1
      • contact.end2
      • contact.energy
      • contact.energy.sum
      • contact.extra
      • contact.fid
      • contact.find
      • contact.force.from.stress
      • contact.force.global
      • contact.force.local
      • contact.force.normal
      • contact.force.set
      • contact.force.shear
      • contact.fullupdate
      • contact.gap
      • contact.group
      • contact.group.list
      • contact.group.list.all
      • contact.group.remove
      • contact.groupmap
      • contact.groupmap.all
      • contact.id
      • contact.inherit
      • contact.inhibit
      • contact.isbonded
      • contact.isenergy
      • contact.isgroup
      • contact.isprop
      • contact.list
      • contact.list.all
      • contact.method
      • contact.model
      • contact.model.prop.index
      • contact.moment.on1.global
      • contact.moment.on1.local
      • contact.moment.on2.global
      • contact.moment.on2.local
      • contact.normal
      • contact.num
      • contact.num.all
      • contact.offset
      • contact.otherend
      • contact.persist
      • contact.pos
      • contact.prop
      • contact.prop.index
      • contact.shear
      • contact.to.global
      • contact.to.local
      • contact.typeid
      • contact.unbond
  • Additional Features
    • Bricks and Inlets
      • Commands
        • brick assemble command
        • brick delete command
        • brick export command
        • brick import command
        • brick make command
        • inlet create command
        • inlet modify command
      • FISH Functions
        • brick.assemble
        • brick.delete
        • brick.extent
        • brick.find
        • brick.id
        • brick.list
        • brick.lower.corner
        • brick.maxid
        • brick.num
        • brick.typeid
        • brick.upper.corner
        • inlet.active
        • inlet.brick
        • inlet.delete
        • inlet.find
        • inlet.flow.vel
        • inlet.id
        • inlet.list
        • inlet.maxid
        • inlet.num
        • inlet.orientation
        • inlet.pos
        • inlet.rotation.center
        • inlet.spin
        • inlet.typeid
        • inlet.vel
    • Fragment
      • Commands
        • fragment activate command
        • fragment clear command
        • fragment compute command
        • fragment deactivate command
        • fragment group-isolated command
        • fragment group-slot command
        • fragment list command
        • fragment map command
        • fragment register command
      • FISH Functions
        • fragment.bodylist
        • fragment.bodymap
        • fragment.bodynum
        • fragment.catalog
        • fragment.catalog.num
        • fragment.childlist
        • fragment.childmap
        • fragment.find
        • fragment.history
        • fragment.id
        • fragment.index
        • fragment.list
        • fragment.map
        • fragment.num
        • fragment.parent
        • fragment.pos
        • fragment.pos.catalog
        • fragment.vol
      • Usage and Verification Examples
        • Fragmentation Analysis during a Uniaxial Compression with Crack Tracking Using Fractures
    • Measure
      • Measured Quantities
      • Commands
        • measure create command
        • measure delete command
        • measure dump command
        • measure history command
        • measure list command
        • measure modify command
      • FISH Functions
        • measure.coordination
        • measure.delete
        • measure.find
        • measure.id
        • measure.list
        • measure.maxid
        • measure.num
        • measure.porosity
        • measure.pos
        • measure.radius
        • measure.size
        • measure.strain.rate
        • measure.stress
        • measure.typeid
    • Thermal Calculation
      • PFC Thermal Formulation
        • Mathematical Model Description
        • Numerical Formulation
        • Solving Thermal Problems
      • Verification Problems
        • Transient Thermal Response of Sheet with Constant Temperature Boundaries
        • Heated Specimen with Free Boundaries
        • Heated Specimen with Fixed Boundaries
      • Thermal Balls
        • Commands
          • ball thermal attribute command
          • ball thermal extra command
          • ball thermal fix command
          • ball thermal free command
          • ball thermal group command
          • ball thermal history command
          • ball thermal initialize command
          • ball thermal list command
          • ball thermal property command
        • FISH Functions
          • ball.thermal.ball
          • ball.thermal.contact.list
          • ball.thermal.contact.list.all
          • ball.thermal.contactmap
          • ball.thermal.contactmap.all
          • ball.thermal.contactnum
          • ball.thermal.contactnum.all
          • ball.thermal.expansion
          • ball.thermal.extra
          • ball.thermal.find
          • ball.thermal.fix
          • ball.thermal.group
          • ball.thermal.group.list
          • ball.thermal.group.remove
          • ball.thermal.groupmap
          • ball.thermal.id
          • ball.thermal.inbox
          • ball.thermal.isgroup
          • ball.thermal.isprop
          • ball.thermal.list
          • ball.thermal.near
          • ball.thermal.num
          • ball.thermal.power.app
          • ball.thermal.power.unbal
          • ball.thermal.prop
          • ball.thermal.specific.heat
          • ball.thermal.temp
          • ball.thermal.temp.increment
          • ball.thermal.typeid
      • Thermal Clumps
        • Commands
          • clump thermal attribute command
          • clump thermal extra command
          • clump thermal fix command
          • clump thermal free command
          • clump thermal group command
          • clump thermal history command
          • clump thermal initialize command
          • clump thermal list command
          • clump thermal property command
        • FISH Functions
          • clump.thermal.clump
          • clump.thermal.contact.list
          • clump.thermal.contact.list.all
          • clump.thermal.contactmap
          • clump.thermal.contactmap.all
          • clump.thermal.contactnum
          • clump.thermal.contactnum.all
          • clump.thermal.expansion
          • clump.thermal.extra
          • clump.thermal.find
          • clump.thermal.fix
          • clump.themal.group
          • clump.themal.group.list
          • clump.themal.group.remove
          • clump.themal.groupmap
          • clump.thermal.id
          • clump.thermal.inbox
          • clump.themal.isgroup
          • clump.thermal.list
          • clump.thermal.near
          • clump.thermal.num
          • clump.thermal.pebble.clump
          • clump.thermal.pebble.contact.list
          • clump.thermal.pebble.contact.list.all
          • clump.thermal.pebble.contactmap
          • clump.thermal.pebble.contactmap.all
          • clump.thermal.pebble.contactnum
          • clump.thermal.pebble.contactnum.all
          • clump.thermal.pebble.find
          • clump.thermal.pebble.group
          • clump.thermal.pebble.group.list
          • clump.thermal.pebble.group.remove
          • clump.thermal.pebble.groupmap
          • clump.thermal.pebble.id
          • clump.thermal.pebble.inbox
          • clump.thermal.pebble.isgroup
          • clump.thermal.pebble.isprop
          • clump.thermal.pebble.list
          • clump.thermal.pebble.near
          • clump.thermal.pebble.num
          • clump.thermal.pebble.pebble
          • clump.thermal.pebble.prop
          • clump.thermal.pebble.typeid
          • clump.thermal.pebblelist
          • clump.thermal.power.app
          • clump.thermal.power.unbal
          • clump.thermal.prop
          • clump.thermal.specific.heat
          • clump.thermal.temp
          • clump.thermal.temp.increment
          • clump.thermal.typeid
      • Thermal Rigid Blocks
        • Commands
          • rblock thermal attribute command
          • rblock thermal extra command
          • rblock thermal fix command
          • rblock thermal free command
          • rblock thermal group command
          • rblock thermal history command
          • rblock thermal initialize command
          • rblock thermal list command
          • rblock thermal property command
        • FISH Functions
          • rblock.thermal.contact.list
          • rblock.thermal.contact.list.all
          • rblock.thermal.contactmap
          • rblock.thermal.contactmap
          • rblock.thermal.contactnum
          • rblock.thermal.contactnum.all
          • rblock.thermal.expansion
          • rblock.thermal.extra
          • rblock.thermal.find
          • rblock.thermal.fix
          • rblock.thermal.group
          • rblock.thermal.group.list
          • rblock.thermal.group.remove
          • rblock.thermal.groupmap
          • rblock.thermal.id
          • rblock.thermal.inbox
          • rblock.thermal.isgroup
          • rblock.thermal.isprop
          • rblock.thermal.list
          • rblock.thermal.near
          • rblock.thermal.num
          • rblock.thermal.power.app
          • rblock.thermal.power.unbal
          • rblock.thermal.prop
          • rblock.thermal.rblock
          • rblock.thermal.specific.heat
          • rblock.thermal.temp
          • rblock.thermal.temp.increment
          • rblock.thermal.typeid
      • Thermal Walls
        • Commands
          • wall thermal attribute command
          • wall thermal extra command
          • wall thermal group command
          • wall thermal initialize command
          • wall thermal list command
          • wall thermal property command
        • FISH Functions
          • wall.thermal.contact.list
          • wall.thermal.contact.list.all
          • wall.thermal.contactmap
          • wall.thermal.contactmap.all
          • wall.thermal.extra
          • wall.thermal.facet.contact.list
          • wall.thermal.facet.contact.list.all
          • wall.thermal.facet.contactmap
          • wall.thermal.facet.contactmap.all
          • wall.thermal.facet.facet
          • wall.thermal.facet.find
          • wall.thermal.facet.group
          • wall.thermal.facet.group.list
          • wall.thermal.facet.group.remove
          • wall.thermal.facet.groupmap
          • wall.thermal.facet.id
          • wall.thermal.facet.inbox
          • wall.thermal.facet.isgroup
          • wall.thermal.facet.isprop
          • wall.thermal.facet.list
          • wall.thermal.facet.near
          • wall.thermal.facet.num
          • wall.thermal.facet.pos
          • wall.thermal.facet.prop
          • wall.thermal.facet.typeid
          • wall.thermal.facet.wall
          • wall.thermal.facetlist
          • wall.thermal.find
          • wall.thermal.group
          • wall.thermal.group.list
          • wall.thermal.group.remove
          • wall.thermal.groupmap
          • wall.thermal.id
          • wall.thermal.inbox
          • wall.thermal.isgroup
          • wall.thermal.list
          • wall.thermal.near
          • wall.thermal.num
          • wall.thermal.pos
          • wall.thermal.prop
          • wall.thermal.typeid
          • wall.thermal.wall
      • Thermal Contacts and Contact Models
        • Thermal Contact Models
          • Built-in Contact Models
            • Null Thermal Contact Model
            • Thermal Pipe Contact Model
        • FISH Functions
          • contact.thermal.power
      • Thermal Process FISH Functions
        • thermal.active
        • thermal.age
        • thermal.cycle
        • thermal.safety.factor
        • thermal.solve
        • thermal.step
        • thermal.time.analytical
        • thermal.timestep
        • thermal.timestep.given
        • thermal.timestep.max
    • CFD module for PFC3D
      • PFC3D Fluid-Particle Interaction Formulation
      • Implementation Details
        • Porosity Calculation
        • Fluid Mesh and Data Format
          • Example Node File
          • Example Element File
          • Reading Fluid Flow Data into PFC
        • Practical Considerations
        • Coupling
        • Calculation Cycle
      • Examples
        • One-way Fluid Coupling
          • Problem Description
          • Analytical Solution
          • Implementation
          • Results
        • Modeling Flow in Porous Media with Darcy’s Law
          • Problem Description
          • Theory
          • Implementation
          • Results
        • Coupling PFC3D with 3rd Party Fluid Flow Software
          • Coupling PFC3D with OpenFOAM®
      • CFD General
        • Commands
          • cfd buoyancy command
          • cfd interval command
          • cfd read command
          • cfd term command
          • cfd list command
          • cfd update command
          • cfd coupling command
          • cfd porosity command
        • FISH Functions
          • cfd.age
          • cfd.cycle
      • CFD Balls
        • Commands
          • ball cfd attribute command
          • ball cfd extra command
          • ball cfd group command
          • ball cfd history command
          • ball cfd initialize command
          • ball cfd list command
        • FISH Functions
          • ball.cfd.ball
          • ball.cfd.element.list
          • ball.cfd.elementmap
          • ball.cfd.extra
          • ball.cfd.find
          • ball.cfd.force
          • ball.cfd.group
          • ball.cfd.group.remove
          • ball.cfd.id
          • ball.cfd.inbox
          • ball.cfd.isgroup
          • ball.cfd.list
          • ball.cfd.near
          • ball.cfd.num
          • ball.cfd.pos
          • ball.cfd.typeid
      • CFD Clumps
        • Commands
          • clump cfd attribute command
          • clump cfd extra command
          • clump cfd group command
          • clump cfd history command
          • clump cfd initialize command
          • clump cfd list command
        • FISH Functions
          • clump.cfd.clump
          • clump.cfd.elementlist
          • clump.cfd.elementmap
          • clump.cfd.extra
          • clump.cfd.find
          • clump.cfd.force
          • clump.cfd.group
          • clump.cfd.group.remove
          • clump.cfd.id
          • clump.cfd.inbox
          • clump.cfd.isgroup
          • clump.cfd.list
          • clump.cfd.near
          • clump.cfd.num
          • clump.cfd.pebble.clump
          • clump.cfd.pebble.find
          • clump.cfd.pebble.group
          • clump.cfd.pebble.group.remove
          • clump.cfd.pebble.id
          • clump.cfd.pebble.inbox
          • clump.cfd.pebble.isgroup
          • clump.cfd.pebble.list
          • clump.cfd.pebble.near
          • clump.cfd.pebble.num
          • clump.cfd.pebble.pebble
          • clump.cfd.pebble.typeid
          • clump.cfd.pebblelist
          • clump.cfd.pos
          • clump.cfd.typeid
      • CFD Elements
        • Commands
          • element cfd attribute command
          • element cfd extra command
          • element cfd group command
          • element cfd history command
          • element cfd initialize command
          • element cfd list command
        • FISH Functions
          • element.cfd.density
          • element.cfd.dragforce
          • element.cfd.edge.adjacentlist
          • element.cfd.edge.adjacentmap
          • element.cfd.extra
          • element.cfd.face.adjacent
          • element.cfd.face.adjacentlist
          • element.cfd.face.adjacentmap
          • element.cfd.face.num
          • element.cfd.find
          • element.cfd.group
          • element.cfd.group.remove
          • element.cfd.id
          • element.cfd.inbox
          • element.cfd.isgroup
          • element.cfd.list
          • element.cfd.near
          • element.cfd.node.adjacentlist
          • element.cfd.node.adjacentmap
          • element.cfd.node.num
          • element.cfd.node.pos
          • element.cfd.num
          • element.cfd.porosity
          • element.cfd.pos
          • element.cfd.presgradient
          • element.cfd.pressure
          • element.cfd.typeid
          • element.cfd.vel
          • element.cfd.viscosity
          • element.cfd.vol
    • C++ Plugins
      • Installing Qt
      • Contact Model Plug-ins
        • Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model
        • Burger’s Contact Model Implementation
        • EEPA Model Implementation
        • Flat-Joint Model Implementation
        • Hertz Model Implementation
        • Hysteretic Model Implementation
        • JKR Model Implementation
        • Linear Contact Model Implementation
        • Linear Contact Bond Model Implementation
        • Linear Parallel Bond Model Implementation
        • Null Contact Model Implementation
        • Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model Implementation
        • Smooth-Joint Model Implementation
        • Soft-Bond Model Implementation
        • Spring Network Model Implementation
      • Programmer’s Interface
  • Examples
    • Tutorials
      • Balls in a Box
      • Clumps in a Box
      • Attributes and Properties
      • Using the CMAT
      • Generating a Bonded Assembly
      • Replicating a Particle Size Distribution
      • Inclusions in a Matrix
      • Hopper Discharge
      • Using FISH Callbacks
      • Table Tennis
      • Shallow Foundation
      • Slip on a Fault
      • Creation of a Synthetic Rock Mass (SRM) Specimen
      • FISH Contact Model
    • Verification Problems
      • Measure Logic
      • Strength of a Face-Centered Cubic Array of Spheres
      • Tip-Loaded Cantilever Beam
      • Linear Contact Model: Calibrating the Normal Critical Damping Ratio
      • Hertz Contact Model: Complex Loading Paths
      • Wave Propagation in Particle Assemblies
      • Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model: Single Ball on a Flat Surface
      • Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model: Repose Angle
      • Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model: Repose Angle
      • Burger’s Contact Model: Stress Relaxation
      • Sliding Wedge
      • Spring Network Contact Model Capabilities
      • Simulating Square Permanent Magnets
      • Pull-Test for a Grouted Cable Anchor in a PFC Rigid Block Model
      • Shear Pull-Tests for a Hybrid Bolt in PFC3D
    • Example Applications
      • Hopper Flow
      • Probing a Granular Specimen
      • Ribbon Blender
      • Fragmentation Analysis during a Uniaxial Compression with Crack Tracking Using Fractures
      • DFN Generation, Analysis, and Simplification
      • Rock Testing
      • Rigid Block Model of Flying Buttresses
      • Rigid Block Model of a Rockslide
      • Genesis and Testing of a Soft-Bonded Material
      • Simple Rigid Block Bonded-Block Modeling (BBM)
      • Rigid Block Model of Tunnel Excavation
      • Using the Rigid Body Spring Network Paradigm
      • Particle Inlets
  • Index: PFC Commands
  • Index: PFC FISH Functions
• Scripting
  • FISH Scripting Reference
    • FISH Rules and Usage
      • Lines
      • Data Types
        • Strings
        • Pointers
        • Vectors
        • Tensors
        • Matrices
        • Lists
          • Appending to a list
          • Prepending to a list
          • Inserting into a list
        • Maps
        • Structures
        • Arrays
      • Reserved Names for Functions and Variables
      • Scope of Variables
      • Functions: Structure, Evaluation and Calling Scheme
      • Operators, Assignment, Conversions, and Member Access
      • Executing FISH: Inline FISH or FISH Fragments
      • Splitting: Automatic Execution of Functions on Type Contents
        • List Filtering
        • Splitting on Assignment
        • Splitting and Multithreading
        • Conclusion and Tips
      • Operators: Multi-threaded function support
      • Redefining FISH Functions
      • FISH Error Handling
      • FISH Callback Events
      • FISH Debugging
    • FISH Statements
      • Caseof - Case - Endcase
      • Command - EndCommand
      • Define - End
      • Exit
      • Global
      • If - Else If - Else - EndIf
      • Local
      • Lock
      • Loop - EndLoop
        • Indexed Loop
        • While Loop
        • For Loop
        • ForEach Loop
        • Loop Control Statements
      • Return
      • Section - EndSection
      • Struct - Structure
    • FISH Commands
      • fish automatic-create command
      • fish boolean-convert command
      • fish callback command
      • fish debug command
      • fish define command
      • fish history command
      • fish list command
      • fish operator command
      • fish result command
      • fish structure command
      • fish trace command
    • FISH Functions
      • creep process utilities
        • creep.active
        • creep.cycle
        • creep.safety.factor
        • creep.solve
        • creep.step
        • creep.time.total
        • creep.timestep
        • creep.timestep.given
        • creep.timestep.max
      • dynamic process utilities
        • dynamic.active
        • dynamic.cycle
        • dynamic.safety.factor
        • dynamic.solve
        • dynamic.step
        • dynamic.time.total
        • dynamic.timestep
        • dynamic.timestep.given
        • dynamic.timestep.max
      • file utilities
        • file.all
        • file.close
        • file.delete
        • file.end
        • file.exist
        • file.name
        • file.open
        • file.open.check
        • file.pos
        • file.read
        • file.rename
        • file.size
        • file.write
      • fluid process utilities
        • fluid.active
        • fluid.cycle
        • fluid.safety.factor
        • fluid.solve
        • fluid.step
        • fluid.time.total
        • fluid.timestep
        • fluid.timestep.given
        • fluid.timestep.max
      • global utilities
        • global.cycle
        • global.deterministic
        • global.dim
        • global.fos
        • global.gravity
        • global.step
        • global.threads
        • global.timestep
        • global.title
      • io utilities
        • io.dialog.in
        • io.dialog.message
        • io.dialog.notify
        • io.in
        • io.input
        • io.out
      • mail utilities
        • mail.account
        • mail.attachment.add
        • mail.attachment.delete
        • mail.body
        • mail.clear
        • mail.domain
        • mail.from
        • mail.host
        • mail.password
        • mail.port
        • mail.recipient.add
        • mail.recipient.delete
        • mail.send
        • mail.subject
      • math utilities
        • math.aangle.to.euler
        • math.abs
        • math.acos
        • math.and
        • math.area.intersect.poly.poly
        • math.area.poly
        • math.asin
        • math.atan
        • math.atan2
        • math.bound
        • math.ceiling
        • math.choose
        • math.closest.segment.point
        • math.closest.triangle.point
        • math.cos
        • math.cosh
        • math.cross
        • math.ddir.from.normal
        • math.degrad
        • math.dip.from.normal
        • math.dist.segment.point
        • math.dist.segment.segment
        • math.dist.triangle.segment
        • math.dot
        • math.erf
        • math.erfc
        • math.euler.to.aangle
        • math.exp
        • math.expint
        • math.floor
        • math.gamma
        • math.in.range
        • math.ln
        • math.log
        • math.lshift
        • math.mag
        • math.mag2
        • math.max
        • math.min
        • math.normal.from.dip
        • math.normal.from.dip.ddir
        • math.not
        • math.or
        • math.outer.product
        • math.pi
        • math.random.gauss
        • math.random.uniform
        • math.round
        • math.rshift
        • math.sgn
        • math.sin
        • math.sinh
        • math.sqrt
        • math.tan
        • math.tanh
        • math.triangle.inside
        • math.triangle.interp
        • math.unit
      • mechanical process utilities
        • mech.active
        • mech.cycle
        • mech.safety.factor
        • mech.solve
        • mech.step
        • mech.time.total
        • mech.timestep
        • mech.timestep.given
        • mech.timestep.max
      • socket utilities
        • socket.close
        • socket.create
        • socket.delete
        • socket.open
        • socket.read
        • socket.read.array
        • socket.write
        • socket.write.array
      • system utilities
        • system.beep
        • system.clone
        • system.command
        • system.directory
        • system.directory.absolute
        • system.directory.create
        • system.directory.current
        • system.directory.delete
        • system.directory.list
        • system.directory.relative
        • system.environment
        • system.error
        • system.os
        • system.sleep
      • thermal process utilities
        • thermal.active
        • thermal.age
        • thermal.cycle
        • thermal.safety.factor
        • thermal.solve
        • thermal.step
        • thermal.time.analytical
        • thermal.timestep
        • thermal.timestep.given
        • thermal.timestep.max
      • time utilities
        • time.clock
        • time.cpu
        • time.kernel
        • time.real
      • Value Type utilities
        • array utilities
          • array.copy
          • array.delete
          • array.dim
          • array.size
        • Constructors
          • array
          • boolean
          • false
          • float
          • index
          • int
          • list
          • map
          • matrix
          • null
          • string
          • tensor
          • true
          • vector
        • list utilities
          • list.append
          • list.at
          • list.concatenate
          • list.count
          • list.create
          • list.extend
          • list.find.index
          • list.insert
          • list.insert.list
          • list.max
          • list.min
          • list.prepend
          • list.range
          • list.resize
          • list.reverse
          • list.separate
          • list.sequence
          • list.size
          • list.sort
          • list.sum
        • map utilities
          • map.add
          • map.add.list
          • map.has
          • map.keys
          • map.merge
          • map.remove
          • map.size
          • map.value
          • map.value.all
        • matrix utilities
          • matrix.cols
          • matrix.det
          • matrix.from.axis.angle
          • matrix.from.euler
          • matrix.identity
          • matrix.inverse
          • matrix.lubksb
          • matrix.ludcmp
          • matrix.rows
          • matrix.to.axis.angle
          • matrix.to.euler
          • matrix.transpose
        • memory utilities
          • memory
          • memory.create
          • memory.delete
          • memory.fortran.float
          • memory.fortran.index
          • memory.fortran.integer
          • memory.offset
          • memory.size
        • string utilities
          • string.build
          • string.compare
          • string.csv.from
          • string.csv.to
          • string.file.ext
          • string.file.name
          • string.file.path
          • string.find
          • string.find.regex
          • string.join
          • string.len
          • string.lower
          • string.match.regex
          • string.replace
          • string.replace.regex
          • string.simplify
          • string.split
          • string.split.regex
          • string.sub
          • string.token
          • string.token.type
          • string.type
          • string.upper
        • structure utilities
          • structure.check
          • structure.name
          • structure.from.map
        • tensor utilities
          • tensor.i2
          • tensor.j2
          • tensor.prin
          • tensor.prin.dir
          • tensor.prin.from
          • tensor.total
          • tensor.trace
        • type utilities
          • type
          • type.index
          • type.name
          • type.pointer
          • type.pointer.id
          • type.pointer.name
      • version utilities
        • code.name
        • version.code.major
        • version.code.minor
        • version.fish.major
        • version.fish.minor
    • FISH Type Index
  • Python Scripting
    • Python Introduction
      • Introduction to Python Programming
        • IPython Console
        • Basic Types
        • Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries
        • Tuples
        • Dictionaries
        • Defining Functions
        • Error Handling in Python.
        • Object-Oriented Programming
        • Interactive Documentation
        • Example File
          • basic_python.py
      • Frequently Asked Questions
        • Which Python extension modules are supported?
        • Can I use other Python extension modules with PFC or FLAC3D or 3DEC?
        • Is Python faster?
        • Can I use the IPython Notebook (or Jupyter) with Itasca Software?
    • 3DEC Python
      • Using Python with 3DEC
        • Working with 3DEC block
        • Working with 3DEC Zone
        • Working with 3DEC vertex
        • Working with Contact and Subcontact
        • Extra variables
        • Using 3DEC Groups
        • Running parameter studies
        • Handling 3DEC errors
        • Python Type System
        • Python Callback Functions
        • Example File
          • python_3dec.py
      • 3DEC-Python API
        • block
          • Block
          • contact
            • Contact
          • contactarray
          • face
            • Face
          • facearray
          • gridpoint
            • Gridpoint
          • gridpointarray
          • subcontact
            • Subcontact
          • subcontactarray
          • zone
            • Zone
          • zonearray
        • blockarray
        • flowknot
          • Flowknot
        • flowknotarray
        • flowplane
          • Flowplane
          • vertex
            • Vertex
          • vertexarray
          • zone
            • Zone
          • zonearray
        • flowplanearray
        • sel
          • beam
            • Beam
          • beamarray
          • cable
            • Cable
          • cablearray
          • liner
            • Liner
          • linerarray
          • node
            • Node
          • nodearray
          • reinforcement
            • Reinforcement
          • reinforcementarray
    • FLAC3D Python
      • Using Python with FLAC3D
        • Working with FLAC3D Zones
        • Working with FLAC3D Zones Properties
        • Working with FLAC3D gridpoints
        • Working with Structural Elements
        • Extra variables
        • Using FLAC3D Groups and Applying Boundary Conditions
        • Running parameter studies
        • Handling FLAC3D errors
        • Inspecting the FLAC3D model geometry
        • Python Type System
        • Python Callback Functions
        • Example File
          • python_flac3d.py
      • Array Style Programming with FLAC3D and NumPy
        • Zone array functions
        • Mask Arrays
        • FLAC3D Groups and Mask Arrays
        • Gridpoint Array Functions
        • FLAC3D Model Geometry Array Data
        • Example File
          • flac3d_array_interface.py
      • Recording Peak Particle Velocity
        • Saving and Restoring Python Data in FLAC3D Save Files
        • Data analysis using numpy and matplotlib
        • Example File
          • ppv.py
      • FLAC3D-Python API
        • attach
          • Attach
        • gridpoint
          • Gridpoint
        • gridpointarray
        • vertexarray
        • zone
          • Zone
        • zonearray
    • PFC Python
      • Using Python with PFC
        • Python Type System
        • Python Callback Functions
        • Example File
          • python_pfc.py
      • Array Style Programming with PFC and NumPy
        • Scalar Arrays
        • Multidimensional Arrays
        • Ball Creation
        • Example File
          • array_interface.py
      • UCS Test With Imported Geometry
        • Example File
          • test_ucs.py
      • Using SciPy and Other Third-party Python Packages
        • Example File
          • using_scipy.py
      • GUI Programming with PySide
        • Example File
          • gui_example.py
      • PFC-Python API
        • BallBallContact
        • BallBallThermalContact
        • BallFacetContact
        • BallFacetThermalContact
        • BallPebbleContact
        • BallPebbleThermalContact
        • BallRBlockContact
        • PebbleFacetContact
        • PebbleFacetThermalContact
        • PebblePebbleContact
        • PebblePebbleThermalContact
        • PebbleRBlockContact
        • RBlockFacetContact
        • RBlockRBlockContact
        • ball
          • Ball
          • cfd
            • CFDBall
          • thermal
            • ThermalBall
        • ballarray
        • ballballarray
        • ballfacetarray
        • ballpebblearray
        • ballrblockarray
        • cfdarray
        • clump
          • Clump
          • cfd
            • CFDClump
            • pebble
          • pebble
            • Pebble
          • template
            • Template
          • thermal
            • ThermalClump
            • pebble
        • clumparray
        • contact
          • Contact
        • element
          • cfd
            • CFDElement
        • facetarray
        • measure
          • Measure
        • pebblearray
        • pebblefacetarray
        • pebblepebblearray
        • pebblerblockarray
        • rblock
          • RBlock
          • template
            • Template
        • rblockarray
        • rblockfacetarray
        • rblockrblockarray
        • wall
          • Wall
          • facet
            • Facet
          • thermal
            • ThermalWall
            • facet
          • vertex
            • Vertex
        • wallarray
    • Itasca (Common) API
      • itasca
        • BallBallContact
        • BallBallThermalContact
        • BallFacetContact
        • BallFacetThermalContact
        • BallPebbleContact
        • BallPebbleThermalContact
        • BallRBlockContact
        • PebbleFacetContact
        • PebbleFacetThermalContact
        • PebblePebbleContact
        • PebblePebbleThermalContact
        • PebbleRBlockContact
        • RBlockFacetContact
        • RBlockRBlockContact
        • attach
          • Attach
        • ball
          • Ball
          • cfd
            • CFDBall
          • thermal
            • ThermalBall
        • ballarray
        • ballballarray
        • ballfacetarray
        • ballpebblearray
        • ballrblockarray
        • block
          • Block
          • contact
            • Contact
          • contactarray
          • face
            • Face
          • facearray
          • gridpoint
            • Gridpoint
          • gridpointarray
          • subcontact
            • Subcontact
          • subcontactarray
          • zone
            • Zone
          • zonearray
        • blockarray
        • cfdarray
        • clump
          • Clump
          • cfd
            • CFDClump
            • pebble
          • pebble
            • Pebble
          • template
            • Template
          • thermal
            • ThermalClump
            • pebble
        • clumparray
        • contact
          • Contact
        • dfn
          • DFN
          • fracture
            • Fracture
          • inter
            • Inter
          • setinter
            • Setinter
          • template
            • Template
          • vertex
            • Vertex
        • element
          • cfd
            • CFDElement
        • facetarray
        • fish
        • flowknot
          • Flowknot
        • flowknotarray
        • flowplane
          • Flowplane
          • vertex
            • Vertex
          • vertexarray
          • zone
            • Zone
          • zonearray
        • flowplanearray
        • gridpoint
          • Gridpoint
        • gridpointarray
        • history
          • History
        • interface
          • Interface
          • element
            • Element
          • node
            • Node
        • interfacearray
        • interfaceelementarray
        • interfacenodearray
        • measure
          • Measure
        • pebblearray
        • pebblefacetarray
        • pebblepebblearray
        • pebblerblockarray
        • rblock
          • RBlock
          • template
            • Template
        • rblockarray
        • rblockfacetarray
        • rblockrblockarray
        • sel
          • beam
            • Beam
          • beamarray
          • cable
            • Cable
          • cablearray
          • liner
            • Liner
          • linerarray
          • node
            • Node
          • nodearray
          • reinforcement
            • Reinforcement
          • reinforcementarray
        • structure
          • Beam
          • Cable
          • Geogrid
          • Liner
          • Pile
          • Shell
          • link
            • Link
          • node
            • Node
        • util
          • FLAC3D_Connection
          • FLAC_Connection
          • FishBinaryReader
          • FishBinaryWriter
          • PFC2D_Connection
          • PFC3D_Connection
          • UDECFishBinaryReader
          • UDECFishBinaryWriter
          • UDEC_Connection
          • p2pLinkClient
          • p2pLinkServer
        • vertexarray
        • wall
          • Wall
          • facet
            • Facet
          • thermal
            • ThermalWall
            • facet
          • vertex
            • Vertex
        • wallarray
        • zone
          • Zone
        • zonearray
      • vec
        • stens2
        • stens3
        • tens3
        • vec2
        • vec3
• FLAC3D
  • FLAC3D Modeling
    • Introduction
      • Overview
        • The Lagrangian Finite Volume Grid
        • Nomenclature
      • FLAC3D Features
        • Features
        • Optional Features
        • Modeling Physical Processes and Interactions
        • New Features in Version 7.0
        • New Features in Version 6.0
      • Comparison with Other Methods
      • Fields of Application
      • Guide to the FLAC3D Documentation
        • User Support
      • About Itasca Consulting Group Inc.
    • Tutorials
      • Tutorial: Quick Start
      • Tutorial: Illustrative Model — Mechanics of Using FLAC3D
        • Create a New Project
          • In the Interface
        • Generate the Grid
          • Further Discussion: Meshing With Primitives
          • In the Interface
        • Create Model Groups
          • Further Discussion: Model Groups
          • In the Interface
        • Specifying Models, Boundaries, and Initial Conditions
          • Further Discussion: Assigning a Constitutive Model
          • Further Discussion: Applying Boundary Conditions
          • Further Discussion: Specifying Initial Conditions
        • Step to Equilibrium
          • Further Discussion: Step to Equilibrium
          • In the Interface
        • Alter Model: Excavation
          • Further Discussion: Performing Alterations
        • Examine Model: Plotting
          • In the Interface
        • Further Alterations: Support
          • Further Discussion: Using Save/Restore and Staged Modeling
        • Project Finishing
          • In the Interface: Finishing
      • Tutorial: Working with FISH
        • Defining a FISH Function
        • Variables
        • Using FISH for Custom Calculations
        • FISH Rules, Syntax, and Statements, Illustrated
        • Lists
        • Maps, and Arrays
        • List Splitting and Filtering
        • FISH Automatic-Create
        • Further Information
    • Problem Solving with FLAC3D
      • Approach and Project Setup
        • Modeling on a Spectrum
        • Recommended Steps
        • Start a Project
      • Grid Generation
        • Primitive-Based Grids
          • Overview of the Grid Primitives
          • Connecting Adjoining Primitive Shapes
          • Fitting the Grid to Simple Shapes
          • Grid Generation with FISH
        • Extrusion-Based Grids
          • Create a Set
          • Define the 2D Geometry
          • Zoning and Other Operations
          • Define the Extrusion
        • Building Blocks-Based Grids
          • Create a Building Blocks Set
          • Snap Blocks Together
          • Refinement Operations and Utilities
          • Zoning
        • Grids from Outside FLAC3D
          • Grids from Rhino/Griddle
        • Grid Generation: Additional Facilities
          • Densifying Grids
          • Geometry-Based Densification: Octree Meshing
          • Surface Topography and Layering
      • Identifying Regions of the Model
        • Groups and Slots
        • Using the Group Range Element
        • Select and Hide
        • Using the Model Pane
          • Objects in the Model Pane
          • Visualizing Objects
          • Selection
          • Groups
          • Additional Commands
      • Working with Geometric Data
        • Geometric Data
        • Geometry Visualization
        • Geometry Painting
        • Geometric Filtering - Geometry Range Elements
        • Geometry Data and Group Assignment
      • Choice of Constitutive Model
        • Overview of Constitutive Models
        • The Constitutive Models in FLAC3D
        • Selection of an Appropriate Model
        • The Effect of Water
        • Ways to Implement Constitutive Models
      • Material Properties
        • Intrinsic Deformability Properties
        • Intrinsic Strength Properties
        • Post-Failure Properties
        • Extrapolation to Field-Scale Properties
        • Spatial Variation and Randomness of Property Distribution
      • Boundary Conditions
        • Stress Boundary
          • Applied Stress Gradients
          • Changing Boundary Stress
          • Cautions and Advice
        • Displacement Boundary
          • Local System and Applied Velocities
          • Surface Corners and Velocity Boundaries
          • Fix vs Apply
          • Reaction Forces
          • Nonuniform Velocities
        • Real Boundaries — Choosing the Right Type
        • Artificial Boundaries
          • Symmetry Planes
          • Boundary Truncation
      • Initial Conditions
        • Uniform Stresses — No Gravity
        • Stresses with Gradients — Uniform Material
        • Stresses with Gradients — Nonuniform Material
        • Stress Initialization in a Nonuniform Material
        • Compaction within a Nonuniform Grid
        • Initial Stresses following a Model Change
        • Stress and Pore-Pressure Initialization with a Phreatic Surface
        • Initialization of Velocities
      • Reaching Equilibrium
        • Convergence Criteria
          • Maximum Out-of-Balance Force
          • Local Maximum Force Ratio
          • Average Force Ratio
          • Maximum Force Ratio
          • Convergence
          • Ratio
        • Choosing Convergence Criteria
        • Evaluating Equilibrium
          • Effects of Large Stiffness Differences
      • Loading and Sequential Modeling
        • Example: Loading on Three Tunnels
      • Structural Support
      • Interfaces
      • Tips and Advice
        • 1. Check Model Runtime
        • 2. Effects on Runtime
        • 3. Considerations for Zoning Density
        • 4. Automatic Detection of an Equilibrium State
        • 5. Considerations for Selecting Damping
        • 6. Check Model Response
        • 7. Initializing Variables
        • 8. Minimizing Transient Effects on Static Analysis
        • 9. Changing Material Models
        • 10. Running Problems with In-Situ Field Stresses and Gravity
        • 11. Determining Collapse Loads
        • 12. Determining Factor of Safety
        • 13. Use Bulk and Shear Moduli
        • FLAC3D Runtime Benchmark
      • Interpretation
        • Unbalanced Force and Convergence
        • Gridpoint Velocities
        • Plastic Indicators
        • Histories
      • Project Completion
      • References
  • FLAC3D Theory and Background
    • Theoretical Background
      • Formulation of a 3D Explicit Finite Volume Model
        • Mathematical Model Description
          • Conventions
          • Stress
          • Rate of Strain and Rate of Rotation
          • Equations of Motion and Equilibrium
          • Boundary and Initial Conditions
          • Constitutive Equations
        • Numerical Formulation
          • Finite Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
          • Nodal Formulation of the Equations of Motion
          • Explicit Finite Difference Approximation to Time Derivatives
          • Constitutive Equations in Incremental Form
          • Large- and Small-Strain Modes
          • Mechanical Timestep Determination for Numerical Stability
          • Mechanical Damping
            • Local Nonviscous Damping
            • Combined Damping
      • Grid Discretization
        • Mixed Discretization for a Hexahedral Grid
        • Nodal Mixed Discretization for a Tetrahedral Grid
      • Numerical Implementation
        • Body Discretization
        • Initial and Boundary Conditions
        • Main Calculation Steps
        • Strain-Rate Calculation
        • Stress Calculation
        • Nodal Mass Calculation
        • Out-of-Balance Force Calculation
        • Velocity and Displacement Calculations
        • Geometry Update Calculation
        • Energy Calculation in FLAC3D
      • References
    • Interfaces
      • General Comments
      • Formulation
      • Creation of Interface Geometry
      • Choice of Material Properties
        • Interface Used to Join Two Sub-grids
        • Real Interface — Slip and Separation Only
        • All Properties Have Physical Significance
      • Modeling Guidelines
        • Troubleshooting
        • Initial Stresses
        • Interface Corners
        • Overlapping Interfaces
        • Interfaces and Fluid Flow
        • Interfaces and Changing Interacting Objects in Small Strain
      • References
    • Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
      • FLAC3D Fluid-Thermal-Mechanical-Formulation — Mathematical Description
        • Conventions and Definitions
        • Governing Differential Equations
        • Fluid Flow Boundary and Initial Conditions in FLAC3D
      • Numerical Formulation
        • Saturated Fluid Flow
          • Finite-Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
          • Nodal Formulation of the Mass Balance Equation
          • Explicit Finite-Volume Formulation
          • Stability Criterion
          • Implicit Finite-Volume Formulation
          • Convergence Criterion
        • Saturated/Unsaturated Flow
        • Mechanical Timestep and Numerical Stability
        • Total Stress Correction
        • Fully Saturated Fast Flow
          • An Alternative Fast-Flow Algorithm
      • Calculation Modes for Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
        • Grid Not Configured for Fluid Flow
        • Grid Configured for Fluid Flow
      • Properties and Units for Fluid-Flow Analysis
        • Permeability Coefficient
        • Mass Density
        • Fluid Moduli
          • Biot Coefficient and Biot Modulus
          • Fluid Bulk Modulus
          • Fluid Moduli and Convergence
          • Fluid Moduli for Drained and Undrained Analyses
        • Porosity
        • Saturation
        • Undrained Thermal Coefficient
        • Fluid Tension Limit
      • Fluid-Flow Boundary Conditions, Initial Conditions, Sources and Sinks
      • Solving Flow-Only and Coupled-Flow Problems
        • Time Scales
        • Selection of a Modeling Approach for a Fully Coupled Analysis
          • Time Scale
          • Nature of Imposed Perturbation to the Coupled Process
          • Stiffness Ratio
          • Recommended Procedure to Select a Modeling Approach
        • Fixed Pore Pressure (Used in Effective Stress Calculation)
        • Flow-Only Calculation to Establish a Pore-Pressure Distribution
        • No Flow — Mechanical Generation of Pore Pressure
        • Coupled Flow and Mechanical Calculations
      • Verification Examples
        • Unsteady Groundwater Flow in a Confined Layer
        • One-Dimensional Filling of a Porous Region
        • Steady-State Fluid Flow with a Free Surface
        • Spreading of a Groundwater Mound
        • One-Dimensional Consolidation
        • Consolidation Settlement at the Center of a Strip Load
        • Transient Fluid Flow to a Well in a Shallow Confined Aquifer
        • Pressuremeter Test
        • Semi-confined Aquifer
      • Verification of Concepts, and Modeling Techniques for Specific Applications
        • Solid Weight, Buoyancy and Seepage Forces
          • A Simple Example Illustrating Solid Weight, Buoyancy and Seepage Forces
        • Pore Pressure Initialization and Deformation
          • Heave of a Soil Layer
        • Effect of the Biot Coefficient
          • Undrained Oedometer Test
          • Pore Pressure Generation in a Confined Sample
          • Pore Pressure Generation in an Infinite Layer
      • Input Instructions for Fluid-Flow Analysis
        • Fluid Commands
        • Fluid FISH Variables
        • Zone-Based Pore Pressure
      • References
  • FLAC3D Commands And FISH
    • Building-Blocks
      • The Building Blocks Pane
        • Pane Elements
        • Sets of Blocks
        • Sets of Geometric Data
        • Selection and Manipulation of Objects
        • Working With Geometric Data
        • Generating Zones or Blocks From Geometric Data
        • Adding Blocks
        • Splitting Blocks
        • Curved Edges and Control Points
        • Face Control Points
        • Hiding Blocks
        • Showing Blocks
        • Highlighting Groups
        • Validating the Model
        • Autozone
        • Generate Zones
        • Context Menu
        • Control Panel
        • Keyboard Reference
        • Handle Quick Reference
      • Commands
        • building-blocks block commands
          • building-blocks block create command
          • building-blocks block delete command
          • building-blocks block export command
          • building-blocks block group command
          • building-blocks block hide command
          • building-blocks block id command
          • building-blocks block import command
          • building-blocks block list command
          • building-blocks block make-hex-only command
          • building-blocks block multiplier command
          • building-blocks block snapon id command
          • building-blocks block transform command
        • building-blocks face commands
          • building-blocks face add-controls command
          • building-blocks face cycle command
          • building-blocks face delete command
          • building-blocks face drape command
          • building-blocks face group command
          • building-blocks face id command
          • building-blocks face list command
          • building-blocks face snapon id command
          • building-blocks face transform command
        • building-blocks edge commands
          • building-blocks edge add-controls command
          • building-blocks edge delete command
          • building-blocks edge drape command
          • building-blocks edge factor command
          • building-blocks edge group command
          • building-blocks edge id command
          • building-blocks edge list command
          • building-blocks edge ratio command
          • building-blocks edge ratio-isolate command
          • building-blocks edge size command
          • building-blocks edge snapon id command
          • building-blocks edge transform command
          • building-blocks edge type command
        • building-blocks point commands
          • building-blocks point delete command
          • building-blocks point drape command
          • building-blocks point group command
          • building-blocks point list command
          • building-blocks point merge command
          • building-blocks point move-to command
          • building-blocks point snapon id command
          • building-blocks point transform command
        • building-blocks set commands
          • building-blocks set arrest-triangle command
          • building-blocks set automatic-zone command
          • building-blocks set auto-tolerance command
          • building-blocks set break-angle command
          • building-blocks set create command
          • building-blocks set delete command
          • building-blocks set export command
          • building-blocks set geometry command
          • building-blocks set import command
          • building-blocks set list command
          • building-blocks set select command
          • building-blocks set tolerance command
          • building-blocks set validate-all command
      • FISH Functions
        • building_blocks.block Functions
          • building_blocks.block.ablock
          • building_blocks.block.center
          • building_blocks.block.check
          • building_blocks.block.edge
          • building_blocks.block.face
          • building_blocks.block.group
          • building_blocks.block.group.remove
          • building_blocks.block.isgroup
          • building_blocks.block.multiplier
          • building_blocks.block.point
          • building_blocks.block.size
        • building_blocks.face Functions
          • building_blocks.face.area
          • building_blocks.face.center
          • building_blocks.face.check
          • building_blocks.face.edge
          • building_blocks.face.flip
          • building_blocks.face.gridsizei
          • building_blocks.face.gridsizej
          • building_blocks.face.group
          • building_blocks.face.group.remove
          • building_blocks.face.isgroup
          • building_blocks.face.next.face
          • building_blocks.face.next.index
          • building_blocks.face.point
          • building_blocks.face.size
          • building_blocks.face.toglobal
          • building_blocks.face.tolocal
        • building_blocks.edge Functions
          • building_blocks.edge.center
          • building_blocks.edge.cp.add
          • building_blocks.edge.cp.delete
          • building_blocks.edge.cp.localu
          • building_blocks.edge.cp.point
          • building_blocks.edge.cp.size
          • building_blocks.edge.curve
          • building_blocks.edge.direction
          • building_blocks.edge.grid.ratio
          • building_blocks.edge.grid.ratio.isolate
          • building_blocks.edge.grid.size
          • building_blocks.edge.group
          • building_blocks.edge.group.remove
          • block.isgroup
          • building_blocks.edge.length
          • building_blocks.edge.next.edge
          • building_blocks.edge.next.index
          • building_blocks.edge.point
          • building_blocks.edge.start.face
          • building_blocks.edge.start.index
          • building_blocks.edge.toglobal
          • building_blocks.edge.tolocal
          • building_blocks.edge.type
        • building_blocks.point Functions
          • building_blocks.point.group
          • building_blocks.point.group.remove
          • building_blocks.point.isgroup
          • building_blocks.point.pos
          • building_blocks.point.start.edge
          • building_blocks.point.start.index
        • building_blocks.set Functions
          • building_blocks.set.block.create
          • building_blocks.set.block.find
          • building_blocks.set.block.list
          • building_blocks.set.block.remove
          • building_blocks.set.block.size
          • building_blocks.set.create
          • building_blocks.set.delete
          • building_blocks.set.edge.find
          • building_blocks.set.edge.list
          • building_blocks.set.edge.near
          • building_blocks.set.edge.size
          • building_blocks.set.face.find
          • building_blocks.set.face.list
          • building_blocks.set.face.near
          • building_blocks.set.face.size
          • building_blocks.set.find
          • building_blocks.set.id
          • building_blocks.set.list
          • building_blocks.set.name
          • building_blocks.set.point.find
          • building_blocks.set.point.list
          • building_blocks.set.point.near
          • building_blocks.set.point.size
    • Extrude
      • The Extrusion Pane
        • Pane Elements
        • Views
        • Operations in the Construction View
          • Creating Points and Edges
          • Edge Parameters
          • Edge Tools
          • Creating Blocks, Splitting and Deleting
          • Default Meshing Parameters
          • Object Properties
          • Object Selection
          • Background Images / Geometric Data
        • Operations in the Extrusion View
          • Extrusion Length and Stages
          • Object Selection
          • Object Properties
        • Automatic Zoning
        • Groups
        • Object Properties in General
        • Performing the Extrusion
        • Further Information
          • Extrusion Options
          • Undoing Operations
          • Using FISH
          • View Manipulation
          • Making a Circle
      • Commands
        • extrude block
          • create command
          • delete command
          • group command
          • id command
          • list command
          • multiplier command
          • position command
        • extrude edge
          • clear command
          • combine command
          • create command
          • delete command
          • group command
          • id command
          • length command
          • length-default command
          • list command
          • ratio command
          • ratio-isolate command
          • size command
          • size-default command
        • extrude mesh
          • gradation command
          • list command
          • mode command
          • optimization command
          • quad-weight command
          • reset command
          • shape-quality command
          • target-size command
          • type command
        • extrude point
          • create command
          • delete command
          • group command
          • id command
          • list command
          • transform command
        • extrude segment
          • add command
          • clear command
          • delete command
          • index command
          • list command
          • origin command
        • extrude set
          • automatic-validate command
          • automatic-zone command
          • clear command
          • delete command
          • list command
          • metadata command
          • select command
          • system command
          • update-polygons command
      • FISH Functions
        • block functions
          • extrude.block.area
          • extrude.block.block
          • extrude.block.center
          • extrude.block.check
          • extrude.block.countzones
          • extrude.block.edge
          • extrude.block.extra
          • extrude.block.find
          • extrude.block.flip
          • extrude.block.grid.pos
          • extrude.block.group
          • extrude.block.group.remove
          • extrude.block.id
          • extrude.block.irregular.typeid
          • extrude.block.isgroup
          • extrude.block.list
          • extrude.block.maxid
          • extrude.block.multiplier
          • extrude.block.next.block
          • extrude.block.next.index
          • extrude.block.nodes
          • extrude.block.num
          • extrude.block.param.pos
          • extrude.block.point
          • extrude.block.regular.typeid
          • extrude.block.size
          • extrude.block.typeid
          • extrude.block.zones.i
          • extrude.block.zones.j
        • edge functions
          • extrude.edge.blocked
          • extrude.edge.blocks
          • extrude.edge.center
          • extrude.edge.curve
          • extrude.edge.direction
          • extrude.edge.extra
          • extrude.edge.find
          • extrude.edge.grid.ratio
          • extrude.edge.grid.ratio.isolate
          • extrude.edge.grid.size
          • extrude.edge.gridpos
          • extrude.edge.group
          • extrude.edge.group.remove
          • extrude.edge.id
          • extrude.edge.isgroup
          • extrude.edge.length
          • extrude.edge.list
          • extrude.edge.maxid
          • extrude.edge.next.edge
          • extrude.edge.next.index
          • extrude.edge.num
          • extrude.edge.parampos
          • extrude.edge.point
          • extrude.edge.poly.add
          • extrude.edge.poly.localu
          • extrude.edge.poly.localv
          • extrude.edge.poly.point
          • extrude.edge.poly.remove
          • extrude.edge.poly.size
          • extrude.edge.simple
          • extrude.edge.start.block
          • extrude.edge.start.index
          • extrude.edge.type
          • extrude.edge.typeid
        • point functions
          • extrude.point.blocks
          • extrude.point.edges
          • extrude.point.extra
          • extrude.point.find
          • extrude.point.group
          • extrude.point.group.remove
          • extrude.point.id
          • extrude.point.isgroup
          • extrude.point.list
          • extrude.point.maxid
          • extrude.point.num
          • extrude.point.pos
          • extrude.point.start.edge
          • extrude.point.start.index
          • extrude.point.typeid
        • segment functions
          • extrude.segment.count
          • extrude.segment.grid.ratio
          • extrude.segment.grid.size
          • extrude.segment.group
          • extrude.segment.isgroup
          • extrude.segment.length
          • extrude.segment.node.add
          • extrude.segment.node.delete
          • extrude.segment.node.group
          • extrude.segment.node.isgroup
          • extrude.segment.node.pos
          • extrude.segment.node.removegroup
          • extrude.segment.removegroup
        • set functions
          • extrude.set.axis.n
          • extrude.set.axis.u
          • extrude.set.axis.v
          • extrude.set.badzones
          • extrude.set.block.create
          • extrude.set.block.delete
          • extrude.set.block.find
          • extrude.set.block.list
          • extrude.set.block.near
          • extrude.set.block.size
          • extrude.set.create
          • extrude.set.delete
          • extrude.set.edge.combine
          • extrude.set.edge.create
          • extrude.set.edge.delete
          • extrude.set.edge.find
          • extrude.set.edge.list
          • extrude.set.edge.near
          • extrude.set.edge.size
          • extrude.set.find
          • extrude.set.id
          • extrude.set.list
          • extrude.set.metadata.find
          • extrude.set.metadata.key
          • extrude.set.metadata.size
          • extrude.set.metadata.value
          • extrude.set.name
          • extrude.set.origin
          • extrude.set.point.create
          • extrude.set.point.delete
          • extrude.set.point.find
          • extrude.set.point.list
          • extrude.set.point.near
          • extrude.set.point.size
          • extrude.set.region.element.num
          • extrude.set.region.nodes
          • extrude.set.set.un
          • extrude.set.set.uv
          • extrude.set.set.vn
          • extrude.set.zone.autodir
          • extrude.set.zone.count2
          • extrude.set.zone.count3
          • extrude.set.zone.target.edge
          • extrude.set.zone.target.size
          • extrude.set.zone.target.total
    • Structural Elements
    • Zone
      • The Model Pane
        • Pane Elements
        • Selection
        • Showing and Hiding
        • Disambiguator
        • Automatic Grouping
        • Assigning a Group Name to a Selection
        • Densify Selected Zones
        • Creating a 2D Structural Element
        • Control Set: Color Labels
        • Control Set: Objects
        • Control Set: Range
        • Keyboard Reference
        • Options
      • Commands
        • zone commands
          • zone apply command
          • zone apply-remove command
          • zone attach command
          • zone cmodel command
          • zone copy command
          • zone create command
          • zone creep command
          • zone delete command
          • zone densify command
          • zone dynamic command
          • zone export command
          • zone fluid command
          • zone generate command
          • zone geometry-test command
          • zone geometry-tolerance command
          • zone geometry-update command
          • zone group command
          • zone hide command
          • zone history command
          • zone import command
          • zone initialize command
          • zone initialize-stresses command
          • zone list command
          • zone mechanical command
          • zone nodal-mixed-discretization command
          • zone property command
          • zone property-distribution command
          • zone ratio command
          • zone reflect command
          • zone relax command
          • zone results command
          • zone select command
          • zone separate command
          • zone split command
          • zone thermal command
          • zone trace command
          • zone validate command
          • zone vtk command
          • zone water command
        • zone face commands
          • zone face apply command
          • zone face apply-remove command
          • zone face group command
          • zone face hide command
          • zone face list command
          • zone face select command
          • zone face skin command
          • zone face westergaard command
          • zone face westergaard-remove command
        • zone gridpoint commands
          • zone gridpoint create command
          • zone gridpoint fix command
          • zone gridpoint force-reaction command
          • zone gridpoint free command
          • zone gridpoint group command
          • zone gridpoint import command
          • zone gridpoint initialize command
          • zone gridpoint list command
          • zone gridpoint merge command
          • zone gridpoint system command
        • zone interface commands
          • zone interface tolerance-contact command
          • zone interface create command
          • zone interface effective command
          • zone interface element command
          • zone interface group command
          • zone interface list command
          • zone interface node command
          • zone interface permeability command
      • FISH Functions
        • attach functions
          • attach.create
          • attach.delete
          • attach.extra
          • attach.find
          • attach.group
          • attach.group.remove
          • attach.id
          • attach.isgroup
          • attach.list
          • attach.master
          • attach.master.face
          • attach.master.zone
          • attach.maxid
          • attach.num
          • attach.pos
          • attach.slave
          • attach.snap
          • attach.type
          • attach.typeid
          • attach.weight.edge
          • attach.weight.face
        • zone.face functions
          • zone.face.area
          • zone.face.extra
          • zone.face.find
          • zone.face.find.normal
          • zone.face.gp
          • zone.face.group
          • zone.face.group.remove
          • zone.face.isgroup
          • zone.face.normal
          • zone.face.pos
          • zone.face.size
        • zone.field functions (zone field data)
          • zone.field.component
          • zone.field.extra
          • zone.field.get
          • zone.field.get.gp
          • zone.field.gravity
          • zone.field.hide.fluidnull
          • zone.field.hide.mechnull
          • zone.field.hide.thermnull
          • zone.field.index
          • zone.field.init
          • zone.field.log
          • zone.field.method.index
          • zone.field.method.name
          • zone.field.name
          • zone.field.power
          • zone.field.prop
          • zone.field.quantity
          • zone.field.radius.ratio
          • zone.field.reset
          • zone.field.source
          • zone.field.tol
          • zone.field.type
          • zone.field.velocity.limit
        • gp functions (zone gridpoints)
          • gp.accel
          • gp.biot.modulus
          • gp.convergence
          • gp.copy
          • gp.create
          • gp.delete
          • gp.disp
          • gp.disp.small
          • gp.dynamic.mul
          • gp.dynamic.timestep
          • gp.extra
          • gp.find
          • gp.find.name
          • gp.fix
          • gp.flow
          • gp.fluid.app
          • gp.fluid.load
          • gp.fluid.modulus
          • gp.fluid.modulus.confined
          • gp.fluid.tension
          • gp.fluid.unbal
          • gp.fluid.vol.inv
          • gp.flux
          • gp.force.app
          • gp.force.load
          • gp.force.unbal
          • gp.force.unbal.add
          • gp.force.unbal.current
          • gp.group
          • gp.group.remove
          • gp.head
          • gp.id
          • gp.isgroup
          • gp.list
          • gp.mass.add
          • gp.mass.gravity
          • gp.mass.inertial
          • gp.maxid
          • gp.multiplier
          • gp.name
          • gp.near
          • gp.near.all
          • gp.near.live
          • gp.next
          • gp.num
          • gp.pos
          • gp.pp
          • gp.pp.fix
          • gp.ratio
          • gp.ratio.target
          • gp.sat
          • gp.state.restore
          • gp.state.save
          • gp.stiff
          • gp.temp
          • gp.temp.app
          • gp.temp.change
          • gp.temp.fix
          • gp.temp.source
          • gp.typeid
          • gp.vel
          • gp.zones
          • interface.node.head
          • interface.node.list
        • interface functions (zone interfaces)
          • interface.find
          • interface.group
          • interface.group.remove
          • interface.head
          • interface.id
          • interface.isgroup
          • interface.list
          • interface.name
          • interface.next
        • interface.elem functions (zone interface elements)
          • interface.elem.area
          • interface.elem.extra
          • interface.elem.group
          • interface.elem.group.remove
          • interface.elem.head
          • interface.elem.host.face
          • interface.elem.host.zone
          • interface.elem.id
          • interface.elem.isgroup
          • interface.elem.join
          • interface.elem.list
          • interface.elem.next
          • interface.elem.normal
          • interface.elem.vertex
        • interface.node functions (zone interface nodes)
          • interface.node.area
          • interface.node.disp
          • interface.node.disp.shear
          • interface.node.extra
          • interface.node.find
          • interface.node.group
          • interface.node.group.remove
          • interface.node.head
          • interface.node.host.face
          • interface.node.host.weight
          • interface.node.host.zone
          • interface.node.id
          • interface.node.isgroup
          • interface.node.list
          • interface.node.near
          • interface.node.next
          • interface.node.normal
          • interface.node.penetration
          • interface.node.position
          • interface.node.pp
          • interface.node.prop
          • interface.node.slip
          • interface.node.state
          • interface.node.stress.normal
          • interface.node.stress.normal.add
          • interface.node.stress.shear
          • interface.node.target.face
          • interface.node.target.weight
          • interface.node.target.zone
          • interface.node.tol
          • interface.node.vel
        • zone.tet functions (zone tetra)
          • zone.tetra.gp
          • zone.tetra.num
          • zone.tetra.smallest.vol
          • zone.tetra.strain.increment
          • zone.tetra.strain.rate
          • zone.tetra.stress
        • zone functions
          • zone.aspect
          • zone.bad
          • zone.code
          • zone.condition
          • zone.containing
          • zone.copy
          • zone.create.gp
          • zone.create.interface.elem
          • zone.create.pos
          • zone.create.ratio
          • zone.creep.time.total
          • zone.creep.timestep
          • zone.cycle.init
          • zone.density
          • zone.dynamic.mul
          • zone.dynamic.time.total
          • zone.dynamic.timestep
          • zone.extra
          • zone.find
          • zone.flow
          • zone.fluid.density
          • zone.fluid.model
          • zone.fluid.prop
          • zone.fluid.prop.index
          • zone.fluid.ratio
          • zone.fluid.stress.normal
          • zone.fluid.time.total
          • zone.fluid.unbal.avg
          • zone.fluid.unbal.max
          • zone.flux
          • zone.force.update
          • zone.geom.test
          • zone.gp
          • zone.gp.num
          • zone.group
          • zone.group.remove
          • zone.head
          • zone.hysteretic
          • zone.id
          • zone.inbox
          • zone.isgroup
          • zone.islive
          • zone.join
          • zone.list
          • zone.maxid
          • zone.mech.convergence
          • zone.mech.prop.name
          • zone.mech.prop.num
          • zone.mech.ratio
          • zone.mech.ratio
          • zone.mech.ratio.local
          • zone.mech.ratio
          • zone.model
          • zone.model.init
          • zone.near
          • zone.near.all
          • zone.near.list
          • zone.near.live
          • zone.near.map
          • zone.next
          • zone.num
          • zone.ortho
          • zone.overlays
          • zone.planarity
          • zone.plane.traction
          • zone.pos
          • zone.pp
          • zone.prop
          • zone.prop.index
          • zone.rotation.inc
          • zone.rotation.rate
          • zone.state
          • zone.state.restore
          • zone.state.save
          • zone.strain.inc
          • zone.strain.rate
          • zone.strain.shear.inc
          • zone.strain.shear.rate
          • zone.strain.vol.inc
          • zone.strain.vol.rate
          • zone.stress
          • zone.stress.effective
          • zone.stress.int
          • zone.stress.max
          • zone.stress.min
          • zone.stress.prin
          • zone.temp
          • zone.test.quality
          • zone.thermal.model
          • zone.thermal.prop
          • zone.thermal.prop.index
          • zone.thermal.ratio
          • zone.thermal.time.total
          • zone.typeid
          • zone.unbal
          • zone.vol
          • zone.vol.deformed
          • zone.was.updated
          • zone.work.elastic.shear
          • zone.work.elastic.total
          • zone.work.elastic.vol
          • zone.work.plastic.shear
          • zone.work.plastic.total
          • zone.work.plastic.vol
      • Orientation of Nodes and Faces within a Zone
      • Condition Measure of Zones
      • Zone Field Data Names
        • Zone Field Quantity Names
        • Strength-Stress Ratio
  • Options
    • C++ Option
      • Writing New Constitutive Models
        • Methodology
          • Base Class for Constitutive Models
          • Member Functions
          • Registration of Models
          • Information Passed between Model and Program during Cycling
          • State Indicators of Zones
        • Implementation
          • Utility Structures
          • Example Constitutive Model
            • initialize() and run() functions
          • FISH Support for Constitutive Models
          • Creating User-Written Model DLLs
            • Using the Template
          • Loading and Running User-Written Model DLLs
      • Programmer’s Interface
    • Creep Option for FLAC3D
    • Dynamic Analysis
      • Relation to Equivalent-Linear Methods
        • Characteristics of Equivalent-Linear Method
        • Characteristics of Fully Nonlinear Method
        • Applications of the Fully Nonlinear Method in Dynamic Analysis
      • Dynamic Formulation
        • Dynamic Timestep
        • Dynamic Multi-stepping
          • Shear Wave On Stiff Wall In Soft Soil: Dynamic Multi-Stepping
      • Dynamic Modeling Considerations
        • Dynamic Loading and Boundary Conditions
          • Application of Dynamic Input
            • Shear Wave Propagation in a Vertical Bar
          • Baseline Correction
          • Quiet Boundaries
          • Free-Field Boundaries
            • Shear Wave Loading of a Model with Free-Field Boundaries
          • Deconvolution and Selection of Dynamic Boundary Conditions
        • Hydrodynamic Pressures
          • Hydrodynamic Pressure Acting on a Dam
        • Wave Transmission
          • Accurate Wave Propagation
          • Filtering
        • Mechanical Damping and Material Response
          • Rayleigh Damping
          • Example Application of Rayleigh Damping
            • Block Under Gravity — Examining Damping Options
          • Guidelines for Selecting Rayleigh Damping Parameters
          • Hysteretic Damping
          • Hysteretic Damping Formulation, Implementation, and Calibration
            • Formulation
            • Implementation
            • Calibration of Degradation Curves
            • Simple Application
            • Observations
          • Practical Issues When Using Hysteretic Damping
          • Local Damping for Dynamic Simulations
          • Spatial Variation in Damping
            • Spatial Variation in Damping
          • Structural Element Damping for Dynamic Simulations
            • Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam
          • Artificial Viscosity
            • Example: Artificial Wave with Sharp Front
          • Integration of Damping Schemes and Nonlinear Material Models for Geo-materials
            • Natural Damping with the Mohr-Coulomb Model
            • Hysteretic Damping with the Linear Elastic Model
            • Hysteretic Damping with the Mohr-Coulomb Model
      • Liquefaction Modeling
        • Finn Model*
        • P2PSand Model*
        • Comprehensive Liquefaction Constitutive Models
        • Shaking Table Test with Finn Model: Simulation of the Liquefaction of a Layer
        • Cyclic Undrained DSS Tests with P2PSand Model
      • Solving Dynamic Problems
        • Procedure for Dynamic Mechanical Simulations: Dam Foundation
        • Procedure for Dynamic Coupled Mechanical/Groundwater Simulations: Dam Foundation Wet
        • Recommended Steps for Seismic Analyses
      • Verification Problems
        • Natural Periods of an Elastic Column
        • Comparison of FLAC3D to SHAKE for a Layered, Linear-Elastic Soil Deposit
        • Comparison of FLAC3D to SHAKE for a Layered, Nonlinear-Elastic Soil Deposit
        • Slip Induced by Harmonic Shear Wave
        • Hollow Sphere Subject to an Internal Blast
        • Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam
      • Dynamic Input Wizard
        • Step 1: Import Data File into the Wizard
        • Step 2: Filtering
        • Step 3: Baseline Correction
        • Step 4: Export Data for Dynamic Analysis
      • References
    • Thermal Analysis
      • Thermal Analysis
        • Mathematical Model Description
          • Conventions and Definitions
          • Conduction
            • Energy-Balance Equation
            • Transport Law
            • Boundary and Initial Conditions
            • Mechanical Coupling — Thermal Strains
            • Fluid Coupling — Thermally Induced Pore Pressures
          • Advection
            • Energy Balance for Convective-Diffusive Heat Transport
            • Fluid Mass Balance (Slightly Compressible Fluid)
            • Transport Laws
            • Thermal-Mechanical-Pore Pressure Coupling
            • Initial and Boundary Conditions
        • Numerical Formulation
          • Conduction
            • Finite-Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
            • Nodal Formulation of the Energy-Balance Equation
            • Explicit Finite-Volume Formulation
            • Implicit Finite-Volume Formulation
            • Thermal-Stress Coupling
            • Thermal Pore-Pressure Coupling
          • Advection
            • Stability and Accuracy
        • Solving Thermal-Only and Coupled-Thermal Problems
          • Thermal Conduction-Only Analysis
          • Thermal Advection-Only Analysis
            • Steady-State Conduction Solution
            • Forced Advection and Free Advection Simulations
            • Synchronization of Fluid and Thermal Times
          • Thermal-Mechanical Analysis
          • Thermal Coupling to Pore Pressure
        • Input Instructions for Thermal Analysis
          • Thermal Commands
          • Thermal FISH Variables
          • Zone-Based Temperature
        • Systems of Units for Thermal Analysis
        • Verification and Example Problems
          • Conduction in a Plane Sheet
          • Conduction in a Hollow Cylinder
          • Infinite Line Heat Source in an Infinite Medium
          • Thermal Pore Pressure Coupled Response
          • One-Dimensional Solution of Thermal Transport by Forced Convection and Conduction
          • Steady-State Convection in a Saturated Porous Medium Heated from Above
          • Steady-State Convection in a Saturated Porous Medium Heated from Below
        • References
      • Hydration
        • Hydration Model Description
          • Hydration-Drucker-Prager Model
        • Hydration Commands
        • Hydration Example Problems
          • Concrete Inclusion in an Elastic Medium
          • Concrete Wall on Elastic Base Plate
        • References
  • Examples
    • Tutorials
      • Tutorial: Quick Start
      • Tutorial: Illustrative Model — Mechanics of Using FLAC3D
        • Create a New Project
          • In the Interface
        • Generate the Grid
          • Further Discussion: Meshing With Primitives
          • In the Interface
        • Create Model Groups
          • Further Discussion: Model Groups
          • In the Interface
        • Specifying Models, Boundaries, and Initial Conditions
          • Further Discussion: Assigning a Constitutive Model
          • Further Discussion: Applying Boundary Conditions
          • Further Discussion: Specifying Initial Conditions
        • Step to Equilibrium
          • Further Discussion: Step to Equilibrium
          • In the Interface
        • Alter Model: Excavation
          • Further Discussion: Performing Alterations
        • Examine Model: Plotting
          • In the Interface
        • Further Alterations: Support
          • Further Discussion: Using Save/Restore and Staged Modeling
        • Project Finishing
          • In the Interface: Finishing
      • Tutorial: Working with FISH
        • Defining a FISH Function
        • Variables
        • Using FISH for Custom Calculations
        • FISH Rules, Syntax, and Statements, Illustrated
        • Lists
        • Maps, and Arrays
        • List Splitting and Filtering
        • FISH Automatic-Create
        • Further Information
    • Verification Problems
      • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Material
      • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Hoek-Brown Medium
      • Rough Strip Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
      • Smooth Circular Footing on an Associated Mohr-Coulomb Material
      • Smooth Square Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
      • Uniaxial Compressive Strength of a Jointed Material Sample
      • Drained and Undrained Triaxial Compression Test on a Cam-Clay Sample
      • Lined Circular Tunnel in an Elastic Medium with Anisotropic Stresses
      • Development of Plastic Hinges in a Statically Loaded Beam
      • Simply Supported Isotropic Rectangular Plate under Combined Lateral and Direct Loads
      • Simply Supported Orthotropic Plate
      • Cylindrical Concrete Vault
      • Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam
      • Simple Slope in Hoek-Brown Material
    • Example Applications
      • Influence of Slope Curvature on Stability
      • Pillar Loads at Intersecting Tunnels
      • Excavation in a Saturated Soil
      • One-Dimensional Consolidation Considering Secondary Compression
      • Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel
      • Grid Generation for Intersecting Tunnels
      • Pressurized Cylindrical Cavern
      • Prediction of Borehole Closure in a Salt Formation
      • Axial and Lateral Loading of a Concrete Pile
      • Undrained Cylindrical Cavity Expansion in a Cam-Clay Medium
      • Simulation of Pull-Tests for Fully Bonded Rock Reinforcement
      • Wheel Load over a Buried Pipe
      • Embankment Loading on a Cam-Clay Foundation
      • Impermeable Concrete Caisson Wall with Pretensioned Tiebacks
      • Dewatered Construction of a Braced Excavation
      • Installation of a Triple-Anchored Excavation Wall
      • Reinforced Tunnel Excavation
      • Subsidence above Horizontal Cut
      • Punch Indentation of a Bonded Material
      • Sleeved Triaxial Test of a Bonded Material
  • Index: FLAC3D Examples
  • Index: FLAC3D Commands
  • Index: FLAC3D FISH
  • Maps
    • Mapping Commands from Old to New FLAC3D Syntax
    • Mapping FISH from Old to New FLAC3D Syntax
• 3DEC
  • 3DEC Modeling
    • Introduction
      • Comparison with Other Methods
      • General Features
      • Optional Features
      • New Features in Version 7.0
      • Guide to 3DEC Documentation
        • User Support
    • Getting Started
      • Tutorial: Quick Start
        • Project
        • Layout
        • Creating a Model
        • Creating the Joint Sets
        • Creating the Wedge Feature
        • Boundary Conditions
        • Gravity
        • Material Properties
        • Solution
        • Plot Image Files
        • Save Initial State
        • Reduce Joint Friction and Solve
        • Cross Section
        • Conclusion
      • Mechanics of Using 3DEC
        • Projects and Files
        • Commands and FISH
        • Plotting and the Graphical User Interface
        • Nomenclature
        • Sign Conventions
        • System of Units
    • Problem Solving with 3DEC
      • Approach and Project Setup
        • Modeling on a Spectrum
        • Recommended Steps
        • Start a Project
      • Model Generation
        • Blocks, Joints, and Zones
        • Creating Single Blocks
        • Generating Block Assemblies
          • Generating Blocks from Geometry
          • Generating Blocks from VRML
          • Surface Topography and Face Extrusion
          • Voronoi Block Generation
          • Block Import/Export
        • Cutting Blocks
        • Block Generation: Densify and Octree
        • Block Quality Metrics
        • A Note on Tolerance
      • Zoning 3DEC Blocks
        • Rigid vs. Deformable
        • Zone Types
        • Generating Zones
        • Importing and Merging
      • Choice of Constitutive Model
        • Zones
          • Overview of Constitutive Models
          • Selection of an Appropriate Model
          • The Effect of Water
          • Ways to Implement Constitutive Models
        • Joints
          • Selection of an Appropriate Model
      • Material Properties
        • Zone Properties
          • Mass Density
          • Intrinsic Deformability Properties
          • Intrinsic Strength Properties
          • Post-Failure Properties
          • Extrapolation to Field-Scale Properties
          • Spatial Variation and Randomness of Property Distribution
        • Joint Properties
        • Contact Material Table
      • Boundary Conditions
        • Stress Boundary
          • Applied Stress Gradient
          • Changing Boundary Stresses
          • Checking the Boundary Condition
          • Cautions and Advice
        • Displacement Boundary
        • Real Boundaries – Choosing the Right Type
        • Artificial Boundaries
          • Symmetry Planes
          • Boundary Truncation – Location of the Far-Field Boundary
      • Initial Conditions
        • Uniform Stresses in an Unjointed Medium: No Gravity
        • Stresses with Gradients in an Unjointed Medium: Uniform Material
        • Stresses with Gradients in a Nonuniform Material
        • Compaction within a Model with Nonuniform Zoning
        • Initial Stresses following a Model Change
        • Stresses in a Jointed Medium
        • Specifying Initial Pore Pressure
        • Transferring Field Stresses to Model Stresses
      • Reaching Equilibrium
        • Convergence Criteria
          • Local Maximum Force Ratio
          • Average Force Ratio
          • Maximum Force Ratio
          • Convergence
        • Choosing Convergence Criteria
        • Evaluating Equilibrium
      • Loading and Sequential Modeling
      • Working with Geometric Data
        • Geometric Data
        • Geometry Visualization
        • Geometry Painting
        • Geometric Filtering - Geometry Range Elements
        • Geometry Data and Group Assignment
      • Working with FISH
        • Defining a FISH Function
        • Variables
        • Using FISH for Custom Calculations
        • FISH Rules, Syntax, and Statements, Illustrated
        • Lists
        • Maps, and Arrays
        • List Splitting and Filtering
        • FISH Automatic-Create
        • Further Information
      • Exporting 3DEC models
        • Exporting to FLAC3D
        • Exporting to PFC
        • Exporting to UDEC
  • 3DEC Theory and Background
    • Background — the 3D Distinct Element Method
      • Aspects of Modeling a Discontinuous System
        • Computer Programs for Modeling Discontinuous Systems
        • History of the Distinct Element Method
      • Numerical Formulation of the Distinct Element Method in 3D
        • A Scheme to Detect and Represent Contacts in 3D
          • The Data Structure
          • Identification of Neighbors
          • Contact Detection
          • Interaction between Blocks
        • Mechanical Calculations for Motion and Interaction in 3D
          • Calculation Cycle
          • Sub-contact Force Update
          • Coulomb-Slip Joint Model
          • Rigid Block Motion
          • Deformable Block Motion
        • Nodal Mixed Discretization for a Tetrahedral Grid
          • Higher-Order Tetrahedral Elements
          • Mechanical Damping
          • Numerical Stability
          • Mass (Density) Scaling
          • Partial Mass Density Scaling for Dynamic Analysis
      • References
    • Constitutive Models in 3DEC
      • Block Constitutive Models
      • Zone Constitutive Models
      • Creep Material Models
      • Joint Constitutive Models
        • Elastic Joint Model
          • Properties
        • Mohr-Coulomb Joint Model
          • Example
          • Properties
        • Softening-Healing Mohr-Coulomb Joint Model
          • Example
          • Properties
          • References
        • Bilinear Mohr-Coulomb Joint Model
          • Examples
            • Peak strength test
            • Normal stress threshold tests
            • Residual strength test
            • Dilation test
          • Properties
        • Power Law Creeping Joint Model
          • Example: Direct Shear Test
          • Data Files
          • References
        • Continuously Yielding Joint Model
          • Example Applications
          • Properties
          • References
        • Nonlinear Joint Model
          • Example: Normal Loading
          • Example: Shear Loading
          • Example: Shear Loading with Non-linear Shear Stiffness
          • Properties
      • Writing New Constitutive Models
    • Structural Elements
      • Introduction
      • Rock Reinforcement
      • Local Reinforcement at Joints (sel reinforcement command)
        • Axial Behavior
        • Shear Behavior
        • Numerical Formulation
        • Estimation of Active Length
        • Local Reinforcement Properties
        • Summary of Commands Associated with Local Reinforcement Elements
        • Example Application — Reinforced Slope
      • Hybrid Bolts (sel hybrid command)
        • Geometry
        • Hybrid Bolt Properties
        • Calibration
          • Influence of Segment Length and Dowel Length
          • The Calibration Steps
          • Orientation-Dependent Shear Strength
          • Effect of Joint Friction Angle on Bolt Load Capacity
        • HTML Calibration Tool
        • Summary of Commands Associated with Hybrid Bolts
        • Example Application: Simple Shear Test
        • Example Application: Simple Pullout Test
        • Example Application: Simple Tunnel
      • Modeling Considerations
        • Material Properties
        • Symmetry Conditions
        • Equilibrium Conditions
        • Sign Convention
      • References
    • Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
      • Introduction
      • Pore Pressure and Effective Stress
        • Introduction
          • Definitions
          • Pore Pressure in 3DEC
          • A Note on Using the block water table Command
        • No Flow Example
      • Matrix Fluid Flow
        • Introduction
        • 3DEC Fluid-Mechanical Formulation – Mathematical Description
          • Conventions and Definitions
          • Governing Differential Equations
          • Balance Laws
          • Constitutive Laws
        • Numerical Formulation
          • Introduction
          • Saturated Fluid Flow
            • Finite-Difference Approximation to Space Derivatives
            • Nodal Formulation of the Mass Balance Equation
            • Explicit Finite-Difference Formulation
          • Mechanical Timestep and Numerical Stability
          • Total Stress Correction
        • Properties and Units for Fluid Flow Analysis
          • Permeability Coefficient
          • Mass Density
          • Fluid Bulk Modulus
            • Fluid Modulus and Convergence
            • Fluid Modulus for Drained and Undrained Analyses
        • Porosity
        • Fluid-Flow Boundary Conditions, Initial Conditions, Sources, and Sinks
        • Calculation Modes for Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
          • Grid Not Configured for Fluid Flow
          • Grid Configured for Fluid Flow
          • Storage, Diffusivity, and Timestep
          • Flow-Only Calculation
            • Steady State
            • Transient
          • No Flow — Mechanical Generation of Pore Pressure
          • Coupled Flow and Mechanical Calculations
            • Fully Coupled Analysis
            • Uncoupled Analysis
          • Selection of a Modeling Approach for Fully Coupled Analysis
        • Verification Examples
          • Transient Groundwater Flow in a Confined Layer
          • One-Dimensional Consolidation
      • Joint Fluid Flow
        • Introduction
        • Joint Hydraulics and Parallel Plate Model for Incompressible Flow
          • Range of Validity of Parallel Plate Model, Hydraulic Aperture, and Mechanical Aperture
        • Hydromechanically Coupled Fluid-Flow Formulation in Rock Masses
          • Effect of Pore Pressure on Deformation and Strength
          • Effect of Mechanical Deformation on Permeability
          • Effect of Deformation on Pore Pressures
        • 3DEC Joint Model
          • Constitutive Model and Relevant Properties
          • Degree of Saturation
          • Fluid Timestep Size and Numerical Stability
        • Calculation Modes and Commands for Fluid-Flow Analysis
          • Fluid-Only Analysis
          • One-Way Coupling
          • Undrained
          • Fully Coupled Hydromechanical Simulation
            • Definition of Fluid Properties
            • Solving for Initial State
            • Running the Coupled Solution
            • Example
            • Fast Flow
        • Leak-off
        • Considerations for Model Optimization
        • Representation of a Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) for Fluid Flow Simulations
        • Geometrical and Topological Model of a Fractured Rock Mass
          • Introduction
          • 3DEC Geometrical Entities
            • Fluid Flow Data Structure
            • Accessing Flow Plane Data
            • Links between the Solid and Flow Models
            • Generation of Geometry of the Flow Model
        • Gas Flow
          • Implementation
          • Example
        • Fluid Discharge and Velocity
        • References
      • Proppant
        • Introduction
        • Logic Overview
        • Basic Equations
          • Proppant Convection
          • Slurry Viscosity
        • Numerical Implementation
          • Transport with No Aperture Change
            • Transient Term
            • Advection Term
        • Mechanical Coupling
          • Aperture Change with No Transport
          • Load Carried by the Proppant Pack
          • Bridging
          • Proppant Convection
          • Condition at an Intersection Between Flow Planes
          • Timestep for Stability
          • Boundary and Initial Conditions
        • Examples
          • Planar Flow
          • Injection
          • Bridging
          • Proppant Settlement
      • Fluid Flow Properties and Units
    • Factor-of-Safety Calculation
    • Energy Calculation
      • Introduction
      • Energy Balance
      • Calculation of Individual Energy Components
        • Total Boundary Loading Work (\(W\))
        • Potential Energy (\(U_b\))
        • Kinetic Energy (\(U_k\))
        • Damped Energy (\(W_k\))
        • Strain Energy Stored in the Rock Mass (\(U_c\))
          • Block-Stored Strain Energy (\(U_{cb}\))
          • Joint Strain Energy (\(U_{cj}\))
          • Strain Energy Content of Excavated Material (\(U_m\))
          • Friction Work Done on Joints (\(W_j\))
        • Viscous Boundary Work (\(W_v\))
        • Energy Dissipation in Blocks through Plastic Work (\(W_p\))
          • Energy Dissipated in Backfill Compression
          • Volume of Excavated Material (\(V_m\))
          • Method of Operation in 3DEC
          • Example: Excavation of a Circular Hole
      • References
    • Isolated Block Stability Method
      • Introduction
      • Description of the Method
        • Approach
        • Equations
          • Block Equilibrium
          • Block Movement as a Rigid Body
          • Joint Constitutive Equations
          • Linear System
        • Stability evaluation
      • Example Applications
        • Single Block Stability
        • Parametric Study on Block Stability and Comparison to 3DEC Rigid Blocks
        • Tunnel with Multiple Blocks
      • References
    • Structural Finite Elements
      • Element Formulation
        • Notation Conventions
        • Geometry Mapping
        • Displacements and Strains
        • Stresses and Nodal Forces
        • Gravity Forces
        • Concentrated Forces
      • Element Implementation in 3DEC
      • Contact Forces
      • Application of Boundary Loads and Velocities
      • Solution Algorithm
      • Generation and Use of FE Blocks
      • Shape Functions and Derivatives
      • Commands and Keywords for Finite Element Blocks
      • Verification: Cantilever Beam
      • Example: Tunnel Liner
      • Example of Creating a Finite Element Base Model of a Dam in 3DEC
    • References
  • 3DEC Commands and FISH
    • Block
      • Commands
        • block commands
          • block analyze-stability command
          • block apply command
          • block apply-remove command
          • block cells command
          • block copy command
          • block create command
          • block cut command
          • block delete command
          • block densify command
          • block dynamic command
          • block excavate command
          • block export command
          • block fill command
          • block finite-element command
          • block fix command
          • block fluid command
          • block fragment command
          • block free command
          • block generate command
          • block group command
          • block hide command
          • block history command
          • block import command
          • block initialize command
          • block insitu command
          • block join command
          • block joint-plane command
          • block list command
          • block makewall command
          • block mechanical command
          • block merge-finish command
          • block merge-start command
          • block property command
          • block skip-join-update command
          • block thermal command
          • block to-flac3d command
          • block to-pfc command
          • block to-udec command
          • block tolerance command
          • block trace command
          • block update command
          • block vtk command
          • block water command
        • block contact commands
          • block contact apply command
          • block contact area-minimum command
          • block contact compute command
          • block contact delete-open command
          • block contact generate-subcontacts command
          • block contact group command
          • block contact group-subcontact command
          • block contact history command
          • block contact jmodel command
          • block contact join command
          • block contact list command
          • block contact local-stiffness command
          • block contact material-table command
          • block contact property command
          • block contact property-distribution command
          • block contact record-shear command
          • block contact reset command
          • block contact tolerance command
        • block face commands
          • block face apply command
          • block face apply-remove command
          • block face group command
          • block face list command
          • block face triangulate command
        • block gridpoint commands
          • block gridpoint apply command
          • block gridpoint apply-remove command
          • block gridpoint group command
          • block gridpoint initialize command
          • block gridpoint list command
          • block gridpoint trace command
        • block zone commands
          • block zone cmodel command
          • block zone fluid command
          • block zone generate command
          • block zone generate-new command
          • block zone group command
          • block zone initialize command
          • block zone list command
          • block zone nodal-mixed-discretization command
          • block zone property command
          • block zone property-distribution command
          • block zone size command
          • block zone thermal command
          • block zone volume-minimum-delete command
        • fblock commands
          • fblock delete command
          • fblock group command
          • fblock list command
      • FISH Functions
        • block functions
          • block.area
          • block.atol
          • block.btol
          • block.contactlist
          • block.convergence
          • block.ctol
          • block.damp.alpha
          • block.damp.beta
          • block.damp.global
          • block.damp.local
          • block.density
          • block.disp
          • block.dsf
          • block.dt.fraction
          • block.dtol
          • block.eigen
          • block.etol
          • block.excavated
          • block.extra
          • block.facelist
          • block.feb.elementlist
          • block.feb.facelist
          • block.find
          • block.fix
          • block.fluid.bulk
          • block.fluid.cohesion
          • block.fluid.density
          • block.fluid.htc
          • block.fluid.specheat
          • block.fluid.thermcond
          • block.fluid.viscosity
          • block.fluid.vol.unbal.av
          • block.fluid.vol.unbal.max
          • block.force.app
          • block.force.unbal
          • block.freefield
          • block.fromindex
          • block.gas.alpha
          • block.gas.bulkmin
          • block.gas.constant
          • block.gas.densmin
          • block.gplist
          • block.group
          • block.group.remove
          • block.head
          • block.hidden
          • block.id
          • block.index
          • block.inside
          • block.isgroup
          • block.list
          • block.mass
          • block.master
          • block.mech.ratio
          • block.mech.ratio.avg
          • block.mech.ratio.max
          • block.moi
          • block.moitensor
          • block.moment
          • block.ms
          • block.msnext
          • block.near
          • block.next
          • block.num
          • block.pos
          • block.proppant.conclimit
          • block.proppant.density
          • block.proppant.grainsize
          • block.proppant.grainsize.factor
          • block.proppant.modulus
          • block.proppant.perm
          • block.proppant.perm.factor
          • block.region
          • block.rigid
          • block.rvel
          • block.thermal.conductivity
          • block.thermal.diffusivity
          • block.thermal.grid.n12
          • block.thermal.grid.n23
          • block.thermal.grid.num
          • block.thermal.grid.point
          • block.thermal.grid.source
          • block.thermal.grid.strength
          • block.thermal.grid.tstart
          • block.thermal.line.n12
          • block.thermal.line.num
          • block.thermal.line.point
          • block.thermal.line.source
          • block.thermal.line.strength
          • block.thermal.line.tstart
          • block.thermal.point
          • block.thermal.point.num
          • block.thermal.point.source
          • block.thermal.point.strength
          • block.thermal.point.tstart
          • block.thermal.source.components
          • block.thermal.decay.fraction
          • block.thermal.source.fraction
          • block.thermal.source.num
          • block.unbal
          • block.vel
          • block.vol
          • block.wall
          • block.zonelist
        • block.contact functions
          • block.contact.b1
          • block.contact.b2
          • block.contact.dfnid
          • block.contact.energy.fric
          • block.contact.energy.strain.comp
          • block.contact.energy.strain.shear
          • block.contact.energy.strain.tensile
          • block.contact.energy.strain.total
          • block.contact.excavated
          • block.contact.extra
          • block.contact.fb1
          • block.contact.fb2
          • block.contact.fid
          • block.contact.find
          • block.contact.flowplane
          • block.contact.fromindex
          • block.contact.group
          • block.contact.group.remove
          • block.contact.head
          • block.contact.hidden
          • block.contact.id
          • block.contact.index
          • block.contact.isgroup
          • block.contact.jset
          • block.contact.list
          • block.contact.near
          • block.contact.next
          • block.contact.normal
          • block.contact.num
          • block.contact.pos
          • block.contact.subcontactlist
          • block.contact.type
        • block.subcontact functions
          • block.subcontact.apini
          • block.subcontact.area
          • block.subcontact.b1
          • block.subcontact.b2
          • block.subcontact.contact
          • block.subcontact.dfnid
          • block.subcontact.disp.norm
          • block.subcontact.disp.shear
          • block.subcontact.disp.shear.max
          • block.subcontact.edgegp
          • block.subcontact.energy
          • block.subcontact.energy.total
          • block.subcontact.excavated
          • block.subcontact.extra
          • block.subcontact.face
          • block.subcontact.fid
          • block.subcontact.find
          • block.subcontact.flowplane.vertex
          • block.subcontact.flowplane.zone
          • block.subcontact.force.norm
          • block.subcontact.force.pp
          • block.subcontact.force.shear
          • block.subcontact.fromindex
          • block.subcontact.gp
          • block.subcontact.group
          • block.subcontact.group.remove
          • block.subcontact.hidden
          • block.subcontact.id
          • block.subcontact.index
          • block.subcontact.isgroup
          • block.subcontact.list
          • block.subcontact.model
          • block.subcontact.near
          • block.subcontact.near.list
          • block.subcontact.next
          • block.subcontact.num
          • block.subcontact.partner
          • block.subcontact.pos
          • block.subcontact.pp
          • block.subcontact.prop
          • block.subcontact.sratio
          • block.subcontact.state
          • block.subcontact.state.string
          • block.subcontact.stress.norm
          • block.subcontact.stress.shear
          • block.subcontact.type
          • block.subcontact.vel.shear
        • block.face functions
          • block.face.area
          • block.face.bface
          • block.face.excavated
          • block.face.extra
          • block.face.fblock
          • block.face.fid
          • block.face.find
          • block.face.flowplane
          • block.face.fos.kinematic
          • block.face.fromindex
          • block.face.gp
          • block.face.gplist
          • block.face.group
          • block.face.group.remove
          • block.face.hidden
          • block.face.hostblock
          • block.face.id
          • block.face.index
          • block.face.isgroup
          • block.face.jset
          • block.face.list
          • block.face.next
          • block.face.ngp
          • block.face.normal
          • block.face.original
          • block.face.planar
          • block.face.pos
          • block.face.sreg
          • block.face.zone
        • block.gp functions
          • block.gp.convergence
          • block.gp.bc
          • block.gp.bc.norm
          • block.gp.bc.x
          • block.gp.bc.y
          • block.gp.bc.z
          • block.gp.disp
          • block.gp.dsf
          • block.gp.extra
          • block.gp.fblock
          • block.gp.find
          • block.gp.flowknot
          • block.gp.flux
          • block.gp.flux.app
          • block.gp.force.app
          • block.gp.force.reaction
          • block.gp.force.unbal
            • Component Access
          • block.gp.fromindex
          • block.gp.gplinks
          • block.gp.group
          • block.gp.group.remove
          • block.gp.hostblock
          • block.gp.id
          • block.gp.index
          • block.gp.isgroup
          • block.gp.linkzones
          • block.gp.list
          • block.gp.mass
          • block.gp.mass.dynamic
          • block.gp.mass.thermal
          • block.gp.near
          • block.gp.near.list
          • block.gp.next
          • block.gp.num
          • block.gp.pos
          • block.gp.pp
          • block.gp.ratio
          • block.gp.ratio.target
          • block.gp.stiffness
          • block.gp.temp
          • block.gp.vel
          • block.gp.vel.app
        • block.zone functions
          • block.zone.condition
          • block.zone.containing
          • block.zone.discharge
          • block.zone.dt.fraction
          • block.zone.excavated
          • block.zone.extra
          • block.zone.face.area
          • block.zone.face.gp
          • block.zone.face.normal
          • block.zone.face.pos
          • block.zone.find
          • block.zone.fromindex
          • block.zone.geo_metric
          • block.zone.gp
          • block.zone.group
          • block.zone.group.remove
          • block.zone.hidden
          • block.zone.hostblock
          • block.zone.isgroup
          • block.zone.join
          • block.zone.list
          • block.zone.mass
          • block.zone.model
          • block.zone.near
          • block.zone.next
          • block.zone.nmd
          • block.zone.num
          • block.zone.plane.traction
          • block.zone.pos
          • block.zone.pp
          • block.zone.prop
          • block.zone.prop.thermal
          • block.zone.strain.rotation.inc
          • block.zone.strain.rotation.rate
          • block.zone.state
          • block.zone.strain.inc
          • block.zone.strain.rate
          • block.zone.strain.shear.inc
          • block.zone.strain.shear.rate
          • block.zone.strain.total
          • block.zone.strain.vol.inc
          • block.zone.strain.vol.rate
          • block.zone.stress
          • block.zone.stress.effective
          • block.zone.stress.int
          • block.zone.stress.max
          • block.zone.stress.min
          • block.zone.stress.prin
          • block.zone.stress.prin.dir
          • block.zone.vol
        • block.fragment functions
          • block.fragment.aspect
          • block.fragment.blocks
          • block.fragment.id
          • block.fragment.list
          • block.fragment.volume
        • block.field functions
          • block.field.component
          • block.field.effective
          • block.field.extra
          • block.field.get
          • block.field.get.gp
          • block.field.hide.exc
          • block.field.index
          • block.field.init
          • block.field.method.index
          • block.field.method.name
          • block.field.name
          • block.field.power
          • block.field.prop
          • block.field.quantity
          • block.field.radius.ratio
          • block.field.reset
          • block.field.source
          • block.field.tol
        • fblock functions
          • fblock.contact
          • fblock.excavated
          • fblock.face
          • fblock.find
          • fblock.fromindex
          • fblock.gplist
          • fblock.group
          • fblock.isgroup
          • fblock.group.remove
          • fblock.head
          • fblock.hidden
          • fblock.hostblock
          • fblock.hostface
          • fblock.index
          • fblock.list
          • fblock.next
          • fblock.pos
    • FEBlock
      • Commands
        • feblock commands
          • feblock generate command
          • feblock gravity command
          • feblock list command
      • FISH Functions
        • feblock functions
          • feblock.adjacent
          • feblock.block
          • feblock.gauss.pos
          • feblock.gauss.state
          • feblock.gauss.stress
          • feblock.gplist
          • feblock.group
          • feblock.group.remove
          • feblock.index
          • feblock.isgroup
          • feblock.material
          • feblock.next
          • feblock.pos
          • feblock.type
        • feblock.face functions
          • feblock.face.group
          • feblock.face.group.remove
          • feblock.face.hostblock
          • feblock.face.index
          • feblock.face.isgroup
          • feblock.face.next
          • feblock.face.normal
          • feblock.face.number
          • feblock.face.pos
    • Flow
      • Commands
        • flowknot commands
          • flowknot apply command
          • flowknot apply-remove command
          • flowknot fix command
          • flowknot free command
          • flowknot group command
          • flowknot hide command
          • flowknot history command
          • flowknot initialize command
          • flowknot list command
          • flowknot property command
          • flowknot volume-minimum command
        • flowplane commands
          • flowplane active command
          • flowplane area-minimum command
          • flowplane group command
          • flowplane hide command
          • flowplane list command
          • flowplane property command
        • flowplane edge commands
          • flowplane edge apply command
          • flowplane edge apply-remove command
          • flowplane edge list command
        • flowplane vertex commands
          • flowplane vertex group command
          • flowplane vertex history command
          • flowplane vertex initialize command
          • flowplane vertex list command
          • flowplane vertex property command
        • flowplane zone commands
          • flowplane zone area-minimum command
          • flowplane zone edge-minimum command
          • flowplane zone group command
          • flowplane zone list command
      • FISH Functions
        • flowknot functions
          • flowknot.area
          • flowknot.bulk
          • flowknot.extra
          • flowknot.find
          • flowknot.fix.fluid
          • flowknot.fix.proppant
          • flowknot.fix.thermal
          • flowknot.flux.fluid.app
          • flowknot.flux.thermal
          • flowknot.flux.thermal.app
          • flowknot.flux.thermal.unbal
          • flowknot.fromindex
          • flowknot.group
          • flowknot.group.remove
          • flowknot.head
          • flowknot.htc
          • flowknot.id
          • flowknot.index
          • flowknot.isgroup
          • flowknot.list
          • flowknot.near
          • flowknot.next
          • flowknot.pos
          • flowknot.pp
          • flowknot.propin.mass
          • flowknot.propin.vol
          • flowknot.stiffness
          • flowknot.temp
          • flowknot.timestep
          • flowknot.trans
          • flowknot.vol
          • flowknot.vol.unbal
          • flowknot.vol.unbal.max
        • flowplane functions
          • flowplane.area
          • flowplane.contact
          • flowplane.extra
          • flowplane.find
          • flowplane.fromindex
          • flowplane.group
          • flowplane.group.remove
          • flowplane.head
          • flowplane.id
          • flowplane.index
          • flowplane.isgroup
          • flowplane.list
          • flowplane.local1
          • flowplane.local2
          • flowplane.next
          • flowplane.pos
          • flowplane.prop
          • flowplane.vertexlist
          • flowplane.zonelist
        • flowplane.vertex functions
          • flowplane.vertex.aperture.hydraulic
          • flowplane.vertex.aperture.mech
          • flowplane.vertex.area
          • flowplane.vertex.extra
          • flowplane.vertex.find
          • flowplane.vertex.flowplane
          • flowplane.vertex.fromindex
          • flowplane.vertex.group
          • flowplane.vertex.group.remove
          • flowplane.vertex.id
          • flowplane.vertex.index
          • flowplane.vertex.isgroup
          • flowplane.vertex.knot
          • flowplane.vertex.list
          • flowplane.vertex.local1
          • flowplane.vertex.local2
          • flowplane.vertex.next
          • flowplane.vertex.pos
          • flowplane.vertex.property
          • flowplane.vertex.proppant.mconc
          • flowplane.vertex.proppant.thick
          • flowplane.vertex.proppant.vconc
          • flowplane.vertex.subcontact1
          • flowplane.vertex.subcontact2
          • flowplane.vertex.visc
          • flowplane.vertex.weight1
          • flowplane.vertex.weight2
        • flowplane.zone functions
          • flowplane.zone.area
          • flowplane.zone.discharge
          • flowplane.zone.extra
          • flowplane.zone.find
          • flowplane.zone.flowplane
          • flowplane.zone.fromindex
          • flowplane.zone.group
          • flowplane.zone.group.remove
          • flowplane.zone.id
          • flowplane.zone.index
          • flowplane.zone.isgroup
          • flowplane.zone.list
          • flowplane.zone.next
          • flowplane.zone.pos
          • flowplane.zone.velocity
          • flowplane.zone.vertex
    • SEL (Structural Element)
      • Commands
        • sel hybrid commands
          • sel hybrid change command
          • sel hybrid create command
          • sel hybrid delete command
          • sel hybrid group command
          • sel hybrid history command
          • sel hybrid list command
          • sel hybrid node command
          • sel hybrid property command
          • sel hybrid update command
        • sel node commands
          • sel node group command
          • sel node mass-multiplier command
          • sel node property command
        • sel reinforcement commands
          • sel reinforcement create command
          • sel reinforcement group command
          • sel reinforcement history command
          • sel reinforcement list command
          • sel reinforcement property command
      • FISH Functions
        • sel.hybrid functions
          • sel.hybrid.area
          • sel.hybrid.collection
          • sel.hybrid.dir
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.dis
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.force
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.group
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.group.remove
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.isgroup
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.length
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.norm
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.pos
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.sfactor
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.state
          • sel.hybrid.dowel.strain
          • sel.hybrid.dowellist
          • sel.hybrid.extra
          • sel.hybrid.find
          • sel.hybrid.force.axial
          • sel.hybrid.force.thermal
          • sel.hybrid.fromindex
          • sel.hybrid.group
          • sel.hybrid.group.remove
          • sel.hybrid.grout.cohesion
          • sel.hybrid.grout.friction
          • sel.hybrid.grout.perimeter
          • sel.hybrid.grout.stiffness
          • sel.hybrid.head
          • sel.hybrid.id
          • sel.hybrid.index
          • sel.hybrid.isgroup
          • sel.hybrid.length
          • sel.hybrid.list
          • sel.hybrid.material
          • sel.hybrid.material.num
          • sel.hybrid.next
          • sel.hybrid.node
          • sel.hybrid.pos
          • sel.hybrid.rupture.tension
          • sel.hybrid.state
          • sel.hybrid.strain.axial
          • sel.hybrid.stress.axial
          • sel.hybrid.yield.compression
          • sel.hybrid.yield.tension
          • sel.hybrid.young
        • sel.node functions
          • sel.node.along
          • sel.node.attach
          • sel.node.bond
          • sel.node.collection
          • sel.node.dis
          • sel.node.extra
          • sel.node.find
          • sel.node.fix
          • sel.node.force
          • sel.node.force.app
          • sel.node.force.shear
          • sel.node.fromindex
          • sel.node.group
          • sel.node.group.remove
          • sel.node.head
          • sel.node.id
          • sel.node.index
          • sel.node.isgroup
          • sel.node.length
          • sel.node.list
          • sel.node.mass
          • sel.node.material
          • sel.node.matnum
          • sel.node.near
          • sel.node.next
          • sel.node.pos
          • sel.node.vel
        • sel.reinforcement functions
          • sel.reinforcement.b1
          • sel.reinforcement.b2
          • sel.reinforcement.collection
          • sel.reinforcement.dir
          • sel.reinforcement.disp.axial
          • sel.reinforcement.disp.shear
          • sel.reinforcement.extra
          • sel.reinforcement.face1
          • sel.reinforcement.face2
          • sel.reinforcement.find
          • sel.reinforcement.force.axial
          • sel.reinforcement.force.shear
          • sel.reinforcement.fromindex
          • sel.reinforcement.group
          • sel.reinforcement.group.remove
          • sel.reinforcement.halflength
          • sel.reinforcement.id
          • sel.reinforcement.index
          • sel.reinforcement.isgroup
          • sel.reinforcement.list
          • sel.reinforcement.material.num
          • sel.reinforcement.next
          • sel.reinforcement.pos
          • sel.reinforcement.rupture.shear
          • sel.reinforcement.rupture.tension
          • sel.reinforcement.state
          • sel.reinforcement.stiffness.axial
          • sel.reinforcement.stiffness.shear
          • sel.reinforcement.strain.axial
          • sel.reinforcement.strain.shear
          • sel.reinforcement.yield.shear
          • sel.reinforcement.yield.tension
  • Options
    • Thermal Option
      • Numerical Thermal Formulation
        • Introduction
        • Heat Conduction
          • Introduction
          • Mathematical Model Description
          • Numerical Formulation
          • Solving Thermal-Only and Thermal-Mechanical Problems
        • Heat Convection
          • Introduction
          • Mathematical Model Description
          • Numerical Formulation
          • Stability and Accuracy
          • Solving Thermal Convection Problems
        • Input Instructions for Thermal Analysis
          • 3DEC Commands
        • Systems of Units for Thermal Analysis
        • Verification Examples
          • Conduction in a Plane Sheet
          • Heating of a Hollow Cylinder
          • Infinite Line Heat Source in an Infinite Medium
          • One-Dimensional Thermal Transport by Conduction and Convection
        • Application Examples
          • Thermal Convection in a Fracture at Depth
      • Analytical Thermal Formulation
        • Introduction
        • Theory
          • The Temperature Due to a Distribution of Heat Sources
          • Boundary Conditions
          • Thermally Induced Stress Changes
        • Application in 3DEC
        • Input Commands
        • Verification
          • A Single Non-decaying Point Heat Source
          • Superposition of Several Non-decaying Sources
          • Lines and Grids of Sources
          • Decaying Sources
          • Thermomechanical Effects
        • An Example Problem – Waste Repository Drift Model
      • References
    • Dynamic Analysis
      • Damping
        • Rayleigh Damping
        • Example of Different Damping Techniques
        • Guidelines for Selecting Rayleigh Damping Parameters for Dynamic Analysis
          • Maxwell Damping
            • Formulation
        • Standard Linear Solid
        • Full Maxwell Damping Scheme
        • User Inputs and Maxwell Component Properties
        • Explicit Algorithm
        • Implicit Algorithm
        • Verification Problem
          • Verification problem: Maxwell damping in 3DEC
            • Rigid Blocks
            • Deformable Block
            • Deformable Blocks with Joints
      • Natural Modes of Oscillation
        • Example Problems (from Cundall et al. (1979), pp. 71-73)
      • Wave Transmission
      • Partial Density Scaling for Dynamic Analysis
        • Example of Partial Density Scaling
      • Boundary Conditions
        • Nonreflecting Boundaries
        • Free-Field Boundaries
          • Example Using Dynamic Free Field
      • Application of Dynamic Input
        • Baseline Correction of Input Histories
      • Calculation of Natural Frequencies and Modes of Vibration
        • Rigid Block Example
        • Deformable Block Example
      • Verification Examples
        • Slip on a Joint Induced by a Propagating Harmonic Shear Wave
          • Problem Statement
          • Analytic Solution
          • Material Properties
          • Dynamic Loading
          • Results
        • Line Source in an Infinite Elastic Medium with a Discontinuity
          • Problem Statement
          • Analytic Solution
          • Model Setup
          • Properties of Joints and Continuous Medium
          • Dynamic Loading
          • Results
        • References
    • C++ Option
      • Writing New Joint Constitutive Models
        • Methodology
          • Base Class for Joint Constitutive Models
          • Member Functions
          • Registration of Models
          • Information Passed between Model and Program during Cycling
          • State Indicators of Subcontacts
        • Implementation
          • Utility Structures
          • Example Constitutive Model
            • initialize() and run() functions
          • FISH Support for Constitutive Models
          • Creating User-Written Model DLLs
            • Using the Template
          • Loading and Running User-Written Model DLLs
      • Programmer’s Interface
  • Examples
    • Verification Problems & Example Applications
      • Sliding Wedge
      • Falling Wedge
      • Block with a Slipping Crack under Cyclic Loading
      • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Elastic Medium
      • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Medium
      • Rough Square Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
      • Stability of an Open Pit in a Jointed Rock Mass
      • Assessment of Fault Slip Potential from Sill Pillar Mining
      • Highway Loading of an Arch Bridge
      • Hydraulic Fracture
      • Hydraulic Fracture with DFN
      • Excavation in a Saturated Soil
      • Flying Buttress
      • Flemish Wall
      • Discrete Fracture Network (Advanced)
      • Finite Element Dam
      • Open Pit with Face Blocks
      • Open Pit with Octree Blocking
        • Geometries
        • Zoning and Properites
        • Initial and Boundary Conditions
        • Excavation
        • Painting
      • Sliding and Toppling Blocks
      • Supported Tunnel
      • UCS Test with Fragmentation
      • UCS Test with Voronoi Blocks
      • Rockmass Integration
      • Lined Circular Tunnel in an Elastic Medium with Anisotropic Stresses
      • Tutorial: Braced Support of a Vertical Excavation
      • Example: Ring Support of a Jointed Tunnel
      • Cable-Reinforced Beam
      • Example: Pull-Test for a Grouted Cable Anchor
      • Advancing Lined Tunnel (Slip at Liner-Soil Interface)
      • Demonstration of Large-Strain Sliding
      • Simple Test of Liner-Block Interface Behavior
      • Liner-Reinforced Beam
      • Structural Liner in Jointed Tunnel
      • Example: Shear and tension test for rockbolt crossing a joint
        • Simple Shear Test
        • Simple Tension Test
  • Index: 3DEC Commands
  • Index: 3DEC FISH
  • 3DEC 7.0 for 5.2 Users
    • Command and FISH Syntax
    • Materials
    • Large Strain
    • FISH
    • New Features in Version 7.0
      • Commands and Scripting
      • Plotting and User Interface
      • Model Building
      • Hybrid Bolts
      • Miscellaneous
    • Conversion of 5.2 and older Data Files
  • Command and FISH Maps
    • 3DEC 5.2 to 7.0 Commands Map
    • 3DEC 5.2 to 7.0 FISH Map
• Coupling PFC and FLAC3D
  • 1D Structural Element Coupling
  • Wall-Zone Coupling
    • Commands
      • wall-zone compute-stiffness command
      • wall-zone create command
      • wall-zone full-computation command
      • wall-zone stiffness-factor command
      • wall-zone update-tolerance command
      • wall-structure compute-stiffness command
      • wall-structure create command
      • wall-structure full-computation command
      • wall-structure stiffness-factor command
      • wall-structure update-tolerance command
  • Ball-Zone Coupling
    • Commands
      • ball-zone create command
    • FISH Functions
      • ball.zone.ball.ball
      • ball.zone.ball.list
      • ball.zone.ball.mf
      • ball.zone.ball.typeid
      • ball.zone.gp.gp
      • ball.zone.gp.list
      • ball.zone.gp.mf
      • ball.zone,gp.typeid
  • Examples
    • PFC-FLAC3D Coupling Tutorials
    • Example Applications
      • Punch Indentation of a Bonded Material
      • Sleeved Triaxial Test of a Bonded Material
    • Verification Problems
      • Wave Propagation in a Coupled PFC-FLAC3D model
      • Gravity Settlement in a Coupled PFC-FLAC3D model
• Examples Index
• Command Index
• FISH Index
• Glossary