• Program Guide
    • Modeling Methodology
      • General Approach
      • General Solution Procedure, Illustrated
      • 2D vs. 3D Models
      • Modeling Data-Limited Systems
      • Modeling Chaotic Systems
      • Localization, Physical Instability, and Path-Dependence
      • Factor of Safety
        • Factor of Safety Defined
        • Computational Methods for Factor of Safety Calculation of Slopes
          • Strength Reduction Technique
          • Limit Analysis
          • Limit Equilibrium
          • Relation of Strength Reduction Method to Limit Equilibrium and Limit Analysis
        • Strength Reduction Procedure in FLAC3D and 3DEC
          • Strength Reduction Properties
            • Mohr-Coulomb Material
            • Ubiquitous-Joint Material
            • Hoek-Brown Material
            • Interfaces (FLAC3D)
            • Coulomb Joints (3DEC)
        • Example Factor of Safety Calculations using the Strength Reduction Method
          • In 3DEC
            • Example: FOS Calculations Using the Strength Reduction Method
              • Failure Modes of a Simple Slope in Jointed Mohr-Coulomb Material
            • Verification: Tests for a Simple Slope in Hoek-Brown Material
              • Factor of Safety with respect to Shear Strength
            • Factor of Safety Contours
          • In FLAC3D
            • Failure of a Slope with a Complex Surface Profile in a Mohr-Coulomb Material
            • Influence of Slope Curvature on Stability
            • Simple Slope in Hoek-Brown Material
            • Automatic Calculation of a Stable Pit Slope Angle
            • Factor of Safety Contours
        • References
      • Code-Specific Considerations
        • 2D vs. 3D models in PFC
        • Particle Shape in PFC
      • References
    • Underpinnings
      • Timestep
      • Determinism
      • Large Strain/Small Strain
      • Notations
      • Sign Conventions
      • Stress Sign Conventions
      • Stress/Strain Invariants
      • System of Units
        • Mechanical Analysis
        • Thermal Analysis
        • Fluid Analysis
        • Structural Elements
      • Precision Limits
    • Program Mechanics
      • Commands (& Scripting)
        • How Commands Work
          • Command Syntax
          • Command Shaping
          • Command Entry in the Console Pane
          • Command and FISH Highlighting in the Program
          • Command and FISH Reference Notation in the Documents
          • Command Tools
          • Commands: Additional Material
        • The Console Pane
          • Console Pane Toolbar
          • Control Panel
        • Commands, a Rationale
          • Why A Command-Driven Interface?
          • Why FISH?
      • Projects
        • How Projects Work
        • Handling Projects
        • The Project Pane
          • Project Pane Toolbar
          • Project-Related Keyboard Commands
          • Control Panel
          • Projects: Further Description
        • "Open into Project" Dialog
        • Projects and Item Tracking
        • Project Bundle Files
          • Create a Bundle
          • Open a Bundle
          • Bundle Report
        • FISH Global Symbols Control Set
      • Data Files
        • How Data Files Work
        • Data File Handling
          • Create
          • Open or Call
          • Rename
          • Duplicate
          • Close
          • Print
          • Un-hide
        • The Editor Pane
          • Editor Pane Toolbar
          • Control Panel
          • Inline Help
          • Keyboard
          • Selection in an Editor Pane
          • Editor Pane Local Options
          • File Storage and the Editor Pane
      • Other Inputs
        • Geometry Files
          • Itasca Geometry File Format
        • DFN Files
          • DFN-Related File Formats
        • Data (Vectors, etc.) Files
          • Label File Formats
          • Scalar File Formats
          • Tensor File Formats
          • Vector File Formats
        • Table Files
          • Table File Format
        • Plot Files
        • Grid Files
          • Itasca Grid Format
      • Listings
        • The Listing Pane
          • Listing Pane Toolbar
          • Control Panel
          • Keyboard
      • Plotting
        • How Plots Work
        • The Plot Pane
          • View Manipulation
          • View Pane Toolbar
          • Add Items
          • Handling Plot Items
        • Plot Items Reference
          • Plot Items in Common
            • Axes
            • Fracture
            • Fracture Intersections
            • Fracture Rosette
            • Fracture Stereonet
            • Geometry
            • History
            • History Locations
            • Labels
            • Particle Trace
            • Scalars
            • ScaleBox
            • Table Chart
            • Tensors
            • Vectors
          • Plot Items in PFC
            • Ball
            • Ball CFD (PFC3D only)
            • Ball Thermal
            • Clump
            • Clump CFD (PFC3D Only)
            • Clump Template
            • Clump Thermal
            • Contact
            • Contact Thermal
            • DFN Fracture Contour
            • Domain
            • Element CFD
            • Measure
            • Rigid Block
            • Rigid Block Template
            • Wall
            • Wall Thermal
          • Plot Items in FLAC3D
            • Attach Conditions
            • Beam
            • Boundary
            • Cable
            • Face
            • Factor of Safety
            • Geogrid
            • GP Fixity
            • Interface
            • IsoSurface
            • Liner
            • Pile
            • Profile
            • Shell
            • Tensors (Zone)
            • Tracked Particles
            • Vectors (Structural Elements)
            • Vectors (Zones)
            • Water Table
            • Zone
            • Zone Group Surfaces
          • Standard Attribute Controls
            • Color
            • Color-List
            • Color Opt
            • Contour
            • Cut-Line
            • Def-fac
            • Font
            • Hide-Null
            • Legend
            • Line
            • Map
            • Polygons
            • Scale
            • Shape
            • Transparency
        • Plot Items Control Set
          • Cutting Tool
          • Clip Box
          • Range
            • The Build Range Dialog
            • Range Element Index
              • Rectangle
              • Polygon
              • Ellipse
              • X Position
              • Y Position
              • Z Position
              • Sphere
              • Annulus
              • Cylinder
              • Plane
              • Geometry Distance
              • Geometry Int Count
              • DFN Distance
              • Remove
              • Model Ranges
              • Saved Plot Filters
              • ID
              • ID List
              • Fish
              • Group
              • Contact
              • FID
              • FIDList
              • Extra
              • Extra List
              • Set
              • Radius
        • Plotting Utilities
          • Mouse Tools
          • Information Control Set
      • Solving
        • Cycling dialog
        • Warnings dialog
      • Saving
        • How Save Files Work
        • Save File Handling
        • How Results Files Work
        • Results File Handling
        • The State Record Pane
          • Tools in the State Record Pane
      • Python
        • IPython Pane
      • Program Layout, Configuration, Tools
        • The Program Window
          • Panes
            • Resizing
            • Moving
            • Stacking
            • Floating and Docking
            • Hiding and Closing
            • Showing and Opening
            • Pane Menu and Tab Menu
          • Toolbar
          • Control Panel
            • Control Sets
          • Menus
            • File Menu
            • Edit Menu
            • Layout Menu
            • Documents Menu
            • Panes Menu
            • Tools Menu
            • Help Menu
        • Options Dialog
          • General Options
          • FISH Options
          • Email Options
          • Start-up Options
          • Editor Options
          • Plots Options
          • Movie Options
          • Console Options
          • Listings Options
          • Results Options
        • Layouts
        • Common Dialogs
          • Generate Movie Frames
          • License Submenu
            • Specify License Location ...
            • Show Claimed Licenses ...
            • Request License Change ...
            • Apply License Update ...
          • Startup Dialog
          • Hardware Lock Not Detected! Dialog
          • Update Alert
          • Request Technical Support … Dialog
      • Support
        • Documentation
          • Help With Commands
        • Technical Support
          • The Technical Support Dialog
          • Finding a License Number
          • Bug Reporting
        • Installation
          • Standard License
          • Network License
          • Web License
            • Running on AWS
        • Security
          • Program License
          • License Number
        • Program Updates
          • Get Program Updates
          • Get the Program Revision History
    • Constitutive Models
      • Constitutive Models in FLAC3D and 3DEC
      • Incremental Formulation
      • Null Model Group
        • Null Model
      • Elastic Model Group
        • Isotropic Elastic Model
        • Anisotropic (Transversely) Elastic Model
        • Orthotropic Elastic Model
      • Plastic Model Group
        • Drucker-Prager Model
        • Mohr-Coulomb Model
        • Ubiquitous-Joint Model
        • Anisotropic-Elasticity Ubiquitous-Joint Model
        • Strain-Softening/Hardening Mohr-Coulomb (SSoft) Model
        • Bilinear Strain-Softening/Hardening Ubiquitous-Joint (SUBI) Model
        • Double-Yield Model
        • Modified Cam-Clay Model
        • Hoek-Brown Model
        • Hoek-Brown-PAC Model
        • Cap-Yield (CYSoil) Model*
        • Simplified Cap-Yield (CHSoil) Model*
        • Plastic-Hardening (PH) Model*
        • Swell Model*
        • Mohr-Coulomb Tension Crack (MohrT) Model*
        • Soft-Soil Model*
        • NorSand Model*
        • Finn Model*
        • P2PSand Model*
        • IMASS Model**
          • Introduction
          • IMASS Constitutive Model
            • Cohesion and Tension Weakening and Frictional Strengthening
            • Post Peak Brittleness
            • Modulus Softening
            • Dilational Behavior
            • Model Main Components
              • Peak Envelope
              • Residual Envelopes
              • Elastic Properties
              • Tensile Strength Envelope
              • Bulking Behavior
            • Cohesion Weakening Frictional Strengthening Behavior
              • Strength Envelopes
              • Transition between Peak and Post-Peak Envelopes
              • Transition between Post-Peak and Ultimate Strength Envelopes
              • Stress Point Evolution Domains
              • Mohr-Coulomb Fit
              • Tension Weakening and Tension Cutoff
            • Dilation Angle
            • Modulus Softening
            • Density Adjustment
            • Ubiquitous Joints
          • Single Residual Envelope Implementation (Similar To Cavehoek) In IMASS
            • Differences between the Single Residual Envelope Implementation in IMASS and the CaveHoek Model
          • Sloss, an indicator for damage in IMASS
          • Examples using IMASS
            • Single-Zone Unconfined Compression Test with IMASS Model
            • Multi-Zone Confined Compression Test with IMASS Model
            • Pillar Stability with IMASS Model
            • Slope Stability with IMASS Model
            • Underground Tunnel Stability with IMASS Model
          • Properties In IMASS
            • Unit System
            • Resetting Properties
      • Creep Constitutive Models in 3DEC and FLAC3D
        • Description of Creep Constitutive Models
          • Maxwell Model
          • Burgers Model
          • Power Model
          • WIPP Model
          • Burgers-Mohr Model
          • Power-Mohr Model
          • Power-Ubiquitous Model
          • WIPP-Drucker Model
          • WIPP-Salt Model
          • Soft-Soil-Creep Model*
        • Solving Creep Problems
          • Creep Timestep
          • Automatic Adjustment of the Creep Timestep
          • Temperature Dependency
        • Input Instructions for Creep Modeling
          • Creep Commands
          • Creep FISH Variables
        • Verification and Example Problems
          • Maxwell/Kelvin/Burgers Model: Parallel-Plate Viscometer
          • WIPP-Type Models: Parallel-Plate Viscometer
          • Power Model: Cylindrical Cavity
          • Power-Mohr Model: Cylindrical Cavity
          • WIPP Model: Cylindrical Cavity
          • Power Model: Spherical Cavity
          • Maxwell Model: Oedometer Test
          • Kelvin Model: Oedometer Test
          • Maxwell/Burgers Model: Compression Test
          • Burgers-Mohr/Power-Mohr Model: Loading/Unloading Compression Test
          • WIPP-Drucker Model: Comparison with Drucker-Prager Model
          • WIPP-Drucker Model: Compression Test Showing Localization
          • WIPP-Salt Model: Hydrostatic Compression Test
          • WIPP-Salt Model: Shear Compression Test
          • Soft-Soil-Creep Model: Triaxial Consolidated Undrained Loading
        • References
      • Model Tests and Examples
        • Oedometer Test with Mohr-Coulomb Model
        • Uniaxial Compressive Strength of a Jointed Material Sample
        • Isotropic Consolidation Test with Double-Yield Model
        • Isotropic Consolidation Test with Modified Cam-Clay Model
        • Triaxial Compression Test with Hoek-Brown Model
        • Triaxial Compression Test with Hoek-Brown-PAC Model
        • Isotropic Compression Test with CYSoil Model
        • Oedometer Test with CYSoil Model
        • Drained Triaxial Test with CYSoil Model — Constant Dilation
        • Drained Triaxial Test with CYSoil Model — Dilation Hardening
        • Undrained Triaxial Test with CYSoil Model
        • Drained Triaxial Compression Test with Simplified Cap-Yield (CHSoil) Model
        • Comparison between Mohr-Coulomb Model and Plastic-Hardening model
        • Comparison of Plastic-Hardening Model without and with Small-Strain Stiffness
        • Isotropic Compression Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
        • Drained Triaxial Compression Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
        • Undrained Triaxial Compression Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
        • Oedometer Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
        • Single Zone Swell Test
        • Single Zone Loading-Unloading Test with MohrT Model
        • Undrained Triaxial Test with Soft-Soil Model
        • Undrained Triaxial Test with NorSand Model
        • Single-Zone Unconfined Compression Test with IMASS Model
        • Multi-Zone Confined Compression Test with IMASS Model
        • Pillar Stability with IMASS Model
        • Underground Tunnel Stability with IMASS Model
        • Slope Stability with IMASS Model
      • References
    • Structural Elements
      • Structural Element Nodes
        • Mechanical Behavior
        • Response Quantities
        • Commands & FISH
          • Commands
            • structure node apply command
            • structure node create command
            • structure node damping-local command
            • structure node delete command
            • structure node fix command
            • structure node free command
            • structure node group command
            • structure node hide command
            • structure node history command
            • structure node initialize command
            • structure node join command
            • structure node list command
            • structure node select command
            • structure node system-local command
          • FISH Functions
            • struct.node.acc.global
            • struct.node.acc.local
            • struct.node.apply
            • struct.node.apply.local
            • struct.node.convergence
            • struct.node.damp.local
            • struct.node.disp.global
            • struct.node.disp.local
            • struct.node.dynamic.timestep
            • struct.node.elements
            • struct.node.extra
            • struct.node.find
            • struct.node.fix
            • struct.node.fix.local
            • struct.node.force.unbal.global
            • struct.node.force.unbal.local
            • struct.node.group
            • struct.node.group.remove
            • struct.node.head
            • struct.node.id
            • struct.node.id.component
            • struct.node.isgroup
            • struct.node.link
            • struct.node.list
            • struct.node.mark
            • struct.node.mass.added
            • struct.node.mass.local
            • struct.node.maxid
            • struct.node.near
            • struct.node.next
            • struct.node.num
            • struct.node.pos
            • struct.node.pos.reference
            • struct.node.ratio
            • struct.node.ratio.target
            • struct.node.resultant
            • struct.node.stiff.local
            • struct.node.surface.valid
            • struct.node.surface.xdir
            • struct.node.system.local
            • struct.node.system.surface
            • struct.node.temp.increment
            • struct.node.typeid
            • struct.node.vel.global
            • struct.node.vel.local
      • Structural Element Links
        • Introduction
        • Link Model Properties
        • Compression vs. Tension Direction
        • Manually setting link properties
        • Commands & FISH
          • Commands
            • structure link attach command
            • structure link create command
            • structure link delete command
            • structure link group command
            • structure link hide command
            • structure link history command
            • structure link  list command
            • structure link property command
            • structure link  select command
            • structure link slide command
            • structure link tolerance-contact command
            • structure link tolerance-node command
            • structure link slide-tolerance command
          • FISH Functions
            • struct.link.attach
            • struct.link.delete
            • struct.link.extra
            • struct.link.find
            • struc.link.group
            • struc.link.group.remove
            • struct.link.head
            • struct.link.id
            • struct.link.id.component
            • struc.link.group.remove
            • struct.link.list
            • struct.link.maxid
            • struct.link.model
            • struct.link.model.area
            • struct.link.model.compression
            • struct.link.model.disp
            • struct.link.model.force
            • struct.link.model.gap
            • struct.link.model.gap.neg
            • struct.link.model.gap.pos
            • struct.link.model.prop
            • struct.link.model.stiffness
            • struct.link.model.tension
            • struct.link.model.yield
            • struct.link.next
            • struct.link.node
            • struct.link.num
            • struct.link.side
            • struct.link.slide
            • struct.link.slide.tol
            • struct.link.target
            • struct.link.type
            • struct.link.typeid
            • struct.link.used.by
      • Beam Structural Elements
        • Mechanical Behavior
        • Response Quantities
        • Properties
        • Example Applications
          • Tutorial: Braced Support of a Vertical Excavation
          • Simple Beam — Two Equal Concentrated Loads — Beam Elements
          • Cantilever Beam with Applied Moment at Tip — Beam Elements
          • Buckling of an Axially Loaded Beam
          • Plastic Hinge Formation in a Beam Structure
        • Commands & FISH
          • Commands
            • structure beam apply command
            • structure beam create command
            • structure beam delete command
            • structure beam group command
            • structure beam hide command
            • structure beam history command
            • structure beam import command
            • structure beam initialize command
            • structure beam list command
            • structure beam property command
            • structure beam refine command
            • structure beam select command
          • FISH Functions
            • struct.beam.area
            • struct.beam.force
            • struct.beam.length
            • struct.beam.load
            • struct.beam.moi
            • struct.beam.moment
            • struct.beam.moment.plastic
            • struct.beam.moment.plastic.y
            • struct.beam.moment.plastic.z
            • struct.beam.poisson
            • struct.beam.volume
            • struct.beam.ydir
            • struct.beam.young
      • Cable Structural Elements
        • Mechanical Behavior
        • Properties
        • Example Applications
          • Cable-Reinforced Beam
          • Soil Nailing
        • Commands & FISH
          • Commands
            • structure cable apply
            • structure cable create command
            • structure cable delete
            • structure cable group
            • structure cable hide
            • structure cable history
            • structure cable import command
            • structure cable initialize
            • structure cable list
            • structure cable property
            • structure cable refine
            • structure cable select
          • FISH Functions
            • struct.cable.area
            • struct.cable.force.axial
            • struct.cable.grout.cohesion
            • struct.cable.grout.confining
            • struct.cable.grout.dir
            • struct.cable.grout.disp
            • struct.cable.grout.friction
            • struct.cable.grout.perimeter
            • struct.cable.grout.slip
            • struct.cable.grout.stiffness
            • struct.cable.grout.stress
            • struct.cable.length
            • struct.cable.slide
            • struct.cable.slide.tol
            • struct.cable.state.compression
            • struct.cable.state.tension
            • struct.cable.strain.plastic
            • struct.cable.stress.axial
            • struct.cable.table.grout.cohesion
            • struct.cable.table.grout.friction
            • struct.cable.volume
            • struct.cable.yield.compression
            • struct.cable.yield.tension
            • struct.cable.young
      • Hybrid Bolt Structural Elements
        • Mechanical Behavior
        • Implementation
        • Properties
          • Calibration
            • Influence of Segment Length and Dowel Length
            • The Calibration Steps
            • Orientation-Dependent Shear Strength
            • Effect of Joint Friction Angle on Bolt Load Capacity
          • HTML Calibration Tool
        • Example Applications
          • Example: Shear Pull-Tests for Hybrid bolts in 3DEC
            • Simple Shear Test
            • Simple Pullout Test
          • Example: Shear Pull-Tests for a Hybrid bolts in FLAC3D
            • Simple Shear Test
            • Simple Pullout Test
        • References
        • Commands & FISH
          • Commands
            • structure hybrid apply command
            • structure hybrid create command
            • structure hybrid group
            • structure hybrid hide
            • structure hybrid history
            • structure hybrid import command
            • structure hybrid initialize
            • structure hybrid list command
            • structure hybrid property
            • structure hybrid select
            • structure hybrid delete
          • FISH Functions
            • struct.hybrid.dowellist
            • struct.hybrid.rupture.dowel
            • struct.hybrid.rupture.tension
      • Pile Structural Elements
        • Mechanical Behavior
        • Response Quantities
        • Properties
        • Example Applications
          • Axially Loaded Pile
          • Laterally Loaded Pile
        • Commands & FISH
          • Commands
            • structure pile apply
            • structure pile create command
            • structure pile delete command
            • structure pile group command
            • structure pile hide command
            • structure pile history command
            • structure pile import command
            • structure pile initialize command
            • structure pile list command
            • structure pile property command
            • structure pile refine command
            • structure pile select command
          • FISH Functions
            • struct.pile.area
            • struct.pile.force
            • struct.pile.gap
            • struct.pile.length
            • struct.pile.load
            • struct.pile.moi
            • struct.pile.moment
            • struct.pile.moment.plastic
            • struct.pile.moment.plastic.y
            • struct.pile.moment.plastic.z
            • struct.pile.normal.cohesion
            • struct.pile.normal.dir
            • struct.pile.normal.disp
            • struct.pile.normal.friction
            • struct.pile.normal.gap
            • struct.pile.normal.state
            • struct.pile.normal.stiffness
            • struct.pile.normal.stress
            • struct.pile.perimeter
            • struct.pile.poisson
            • struct.pile.rockbolt
            • struct.pile.rupture.tension
            • struct.pile.shear.cohesion
            • struct.pile.shear.dir
            • struct.pile.shear.disp
            • struct.pile.shear.flag
            • struct.pile.shear.friction
            • struct.pile.shear.state
            • struct.pile.shear.stiffness
            • struct.pile.shear.stress
            • struct.pile.slide
            • struct.pile.slide.tol
            • struct.pile.state.compression
            • struct.pile.state.tension
            • struct.pile.strain.failure
            • struct.pile.stress.confining
            • struct.pile.table.cohesion
            • struct.pile.table.factor
            • struct.pile.table.friction
            • struct.pile.volume
            • struct.pile.ydir
            • struct.pile.yield.compression
            • struct.pile.yield.tension
            • struct.pile.young
      • Shell-Type Structural Elements
        • Mechanical Behavior
        • Response Quantities
        • Properties
      • Shell Structural Elements
        • Mechanical Behavior
        • Response Quantities
        • Properties
        • Example Applications
          • Simple Beam — Two Equal Concentrated Loads — Shell Elements
          • Cantilever Beam with Applied Moment at Tip — Shell Elements
          • Plastic Hinge Formation in a Shell Structure
          • Isotropic Rectangular Plate with Applied Pressure
          • Advancing Lined Tunnel (Rigidly Connected to Zones)
        • Commands & FISH
          • Commands
            • structure shell apply command
            • structure shell create command
            • structure shell delete command
            • structure shell group command
            • structure shell hide command
            • structure shell history command
            • structure shell import command
            • structure shell initialize command
            • structure shell list command
            • structure shell property command
            • structure shell recover command
            • structure shell refine command
            • structure shell select command
          • FISH Functions
            • struct.shell.area
            • struct.shell.beta
            • struct.shell.depth.factor
            • struct.shell.element.type
            • struct.shell.poisson
            • struct.shell.pressure
            • struct.shell.prop.anis
            • struct.shell.prop.matx
            • struct.shell.prop.ortho
            • struct.shell.prop.type
            • struct.shell.resultant
            • struct.shell.resultant.valid
            • struct.shell.stress
            • struct.shell.stress.max
            • struct.shell.stress.min
            • struct.shell.stress.prin
            • struct.shell.stress.valid
            • struct.shell.thickness
            • struct.shell.volume
            • struct.shell.young
      • Geogrid Structural Elements
        • Mechanical Behavior
        • Response Quantities
        • Properties
        • Example Applications
          • Simple Test of Geogrid-Soil Interface Behavior
          • Geogrid Pull-out Test
          • Geogrid-Reinforced Embankment
        • Commands & FISH
          • Commands
            • structure geogrid apply command
            • structure geogrid create command
            • structure geogrid delete command
            • structure geogrid group command
            • structure geogrid hide command
            • structure geogrid history command
            • structure geogrid import command
            • structure geogrid initialize command
            • structure geogrid list command
            • structure geogrid property command
            • structure geogrid recover command
            • structure geogrid refine command
            • structure geogrid select command
          • FISH Functions
            • struct.geogrid.shear.cohesion
            • struct.geogrid.shear.dir
            • struct.geogrid.shear.disp
            • struct.geogrid.shear.friction
            • struct.geogrid.shear.state
            • struct.geogrid.shear.stiffness
            • struct.geogrid.shear.stress
            • struct.geogrid.slide
            • struct.geogrid.slide.tol
            • struct.geogrid.stress.confining
      • Liner Structural Elements
        • Mechanical Behavior
        • Response Quantities
        • Properties
        • Example Applications
          • Simple Test of Liner-Zone Interface Behavior
          • Demonstration of Large-Strain Sliding
          • Advancing Lined Tunnel (Slip at Liner-Soil Interface)
          • Liner-Reinforced Beam
          • Embedded Retaining Wall
        • Commands & FISH
          • Commands
            • structure liner apply command
            • structure liner create command
            • structure liner delete command
            • structure liner gap-factor command
            • structure liner group command
            • structure liner hide command
            • structure liner history command
            • structure liner import command
            • structure liner initialize command
            • structure liner list command
            • structure liner property command
            • structure liner recover command
            • structure liner refine command
            • structure liner select command
          • FISH Functions
            • struct.liner.embedded
            • struct.liner.normal.dir
            • struct.liner.normal.disp
            • struct.liner.normal.stiffness
            • struct.liner.normal.strength
            • struct.liner.normal.stress
            • struct.liner.shear.cohesion
            • struct.liner.shear.dir
            • struct.liner.shear.disp
            • struct.liner.shear.friction
            • struct.liner.shear.residual
            • struct.liner.shear.state
            • struct.liner.shear.stiffness
            • struct.liner.shear.stress
            • struct.liner.slide
            • struct.liner.slide.tol
      • General Formulation of Structural-Element Logic
        • Structural-Element Links
        • Finite Element Stiffness Matrices
        • Stress Recovery Procedure
        • Governing Equations
        • Central-Difference Approximations
        • Accumulated Out-of-Balance Force Vector
        • Mass Matrix
        • Damping Formulation
        • Computation of Stable Timestep
        • Mass Scaling
        • Computational Algorithm
      • References
      • structure Commands & FISH (all)
        • Commands
          • structure damping command
          • structure dynamic command
          • structure list command
          • structure mechanical command
          • structure ratio command
          • structure results command
          • structure safety-factor command
          • structure scale-rotational-mass command
        • FISH Functions
          • struct.connectivity
          • struct.delete
          • struct.density
          • struct.extra
          • struct.find
          • struct.force.nodal
          • struct.force.nodal.local
          • struct.force.update
          • struct.group
          • struct.group.remove
          • struct.head
          • struct.id
          • struct.id.component
          • struct.isgroup
          • struct.list
          • struct.local.system
          • struct.mark
          • struct.maxid
          • struct.mech.convergence
          • struct.mech.ratio.avg
          • struct.mech.ratio.local
          • struct.mech.ratio.max
          • struct.near
          • struct.next
          • struct.node
          • struct.num
          • struct.pos
          • struct.therm.expansion
          • struct.type
          • struct.typeid
          • struct.was.updated
    • Common Commands and FISH
      • Data
        • Commands
          • data label create command
          • data label delete command
          • data label list command
          • data label modify command
          • data label results command
          • data scalar create command
          • data scalar delete command
          • data scalar export command
          • data scalar group command
          • data scalar import command
          • data scalar list command
          • data scalar results command
          • data tensor create command
          • data tensor delete command
          • data tensor export command
          • data tensor group command
          • data tensor import command
          • data tensor list command
          • data tensor results command
          • data vector create command
          • data vector delete command
          • data vector export command
          • data vector group command
          • data vector import command
          • data vector list command
          • data vector results command
        • FISH Functions
          • Label Functions
            • data.label.arrow
            • data.label.create
            • data.label.delete
            • data.label.end
            • data.label.find
            • data.label.group
            • data.label.group.remove
            • data.label.head
            • data.label.isgroup
            • data.label.list
            • data.label.maxid
            • data.label.name
            • data.label.next
            • data.label.num
            • data.label.pos
            • data.label.text
            • data.label.typeid
          • Scalar Functions
            • data.scalar.create
            • data.scalar.delete
            • data.scalar.extra
            • data.scalar.find
            • data.scalar.group
            • data.scalar.group.remove
            • data.scalar.head
            • data.scalar.id
            • data.scalar.isgroup
            • data.scalar.list
            • data.scalar.maxid
            • data.scalar.near
            • data.scalar.next
            • data.scalar.num
            • data.scalar.pos
            • data.scalar.typeid
            • data.scalar.value
          • Tensor Functions
            • data.tensor.create
            • data.tensor.delete
            • data.tensor.extra
            • data.tensor.find
            • data.tensor.group
            • data.tensor.group.remove
            • data.tensor.head
            • data.tensor.id
            • data.tensor.isgroup
            • data.tensor.list
            • data.tensor.maxid
            • data.tensor.near
            • data.tensor.next
            • data.tensor.num
            • data.tensor.pos
            • data.tensor.typeid
            • data.tensor.value
          • Vector Functions
            • data.vector.create
            • data.vector.ddir
            • data.vector.delete
            • data.vector.dip
            • data.vector.extra
            • data.vector.find
            • data.vector.group
            • data.vector.group.remove
            • data.vector.head
            • data.vector.id
            • data.vector.isgroup
            • data.vector.list
            • data.vector.maxid
            • data.vector.near
            • data.vector.next
            • data.vector.num
            • data.vector.pos
            • data.vector.typeid
            • data.vector.value
      • Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)
        • Overview
          • Base Model Components
          • Generating Stochastic Fracture Sets or DFNs
        • Commands
          • fracture aperture command
          • fracture attribute command
          • fracture cluster command
          • fracture combine command
          • fracture compute command
          • fracture connectivity command
          • fracture contact-model command
          • fracture copy command
          • fracture create command
          • fracture delete command
          • fracture dfn-extra command
          • fracture dfn-group command
          • fracture export command
          • fracture extra command
          • fracture generate command
          • fracture group command
          • fracture import command
          • fracture initialize command
          • fracture intersections automatic-update command
          • fracture intersections compute command
          • fracture intersections delete command
          • fracture intersections scanline command
          • fracture joint-set command
          • fracture list command
          • fracture property command
          • fracture prune command
          • fracture results command
          • fracture set-property command
          • fracture template create command
          • fracture template delete command
          • fracture template modify-default command
          • fracture verify-file command
        • FISH Functions
          • dfn functions
            • dfn.contact.list
            • dfn.contact.list.all
            • dfn.contactmap
            • dfn.contactmap.all
            • dfn.create
            • dfn.delete
            • dfn.dominance
            • dfn.extra
            • dfn.find
            • dfn.fracturelist
            • dfn.fracturenum
            • dfn.group
            • dfn.group.remove
            • dfn.id
            • dfn.isgroup
            • dfn.list
            • dfn.maxid
            • dfn.name
            • dfn.num
            • dfn.prop
            • dfn.template
            • dfn.typeid
          • dfn.template functions
            • fracture.template.ddirmax
            • fracture.template.ddirmin
            • fracture.template.dipmax
            • fracture.template.dipmin
            • fracture.template.find
            • fracture.template.id
            • fracture.template.list
            • fracture.template.maxid
            • fracture.template.name
            • fracture.template.norientparam
            • fracture.template.nposparam
            • fracture.template.nsizeparam
            • fracture.template.num
            • fracture.template.orientparam
            • fracture.template.orienttype
            • fracture.template.posparam
            • fracture.template.postype
            • fracture.template.sizemax
            • fracture.template.sizemin
            • fracture.template.sizeparam
            • fracture.template.sizetype
            • fracture.template.typeid
          • fracture functions
            • fracture.aperture
            • fracture.area
            • fracture.centerdensity
            • fracture.contact.list
            • fracture.contact.list.all
            • fracture.contactmap
            • fracture.contactmap.all
            • fracture.copy
            • fracture.create
            • fracture.ddir
            • fracture.decimate
            • fracture.delete
            • fracture.density
            • fracture.dfn
            • fracture.diameter
            • fracture.dip
            • fracture.extra
            • fracture.find
            • fracture.genpos
            • fracture.gensize
            • fracture.geomp10
            • fracture.geomp20
            • fracture.geomp21
            • fracture.geomtrace
            • fracture.gintersect
            • fracture.group
            • fracture.group.remove
            • fracture.id
            • fracture.inbox
            • fracture.interarray
            • fracture.intersect
            • fracture.isdisk
            • fracture.isgroup
            • fracture.isprop
            • fracture.len
            • fracture.list
            • fracture.maxid
            • fracture.near
            • fracture.normal
            • fracture.num
            • fracture.p10
            • fracture.percolation
            • fracture.pointnear
            • fracture.pos
            • fracture.prop
            • fracture.typeid
            • fracture.vertexarray
            • fracture.vertexlist
          • fracture.intersection functions
            • fracture.intersect.end1
            • fracture.intersect.end2
            • fracture.intersect.find
            • fracture.intersect.len
            • fracture.intersect.list
            • fracture.intersect.maxid
            • fracture.intersect.npolylinept
            • fracture.intersect.num
            • fracture.intersect.polylinept
            • fracture.intersect.pos1
            • fracture.intersect.pos2
            • fracture.intersect.set
            • fracture.intersect.typeid
          • fracture.intersection.set functions
            • fracture.intersect.set.delete
            • fracture.intersect.set.find
            • fracture.intersect.set.id
            • fracture.intersect.set.interlist
            • fracture.intersect.set.internum
            • fracture.intersect.set.list
            • fracture.intersect.set.maxid
            • fracture.intersect.set.name
            • fracture.intersect.set.num
            • fracture.intersect.set.path
            • fracture.intersect.set.typeid
          • fracture.vertex functions
            • fracture.vertex.find
            • fracture.vertex.list
            • fracture.vertex.maxid
            • fracture.vertex.num
            • fracture.vertex.pos
            • fracture.vertex.typeid
      • Domain
        • Commands
          • domain.condition command
          • domain.extent command
          • domain.strain-rate command
        • FISH Functions
          • domain.condition
          • domain.max
          • domain.min
          • domain.strain.rate
      • FISH
        • FISH Commands
          • fish automatic-create command
          • fish boolean-convert command
          • fish callback command
          • fish debug command
          • fish define command
          • fish history command
          • fish list command
          • fish operator command
          • fish result command
          • fish structure command
          • fish trace command
      • Geometry
        • Commands
          • geometry assign-groups command
          • geometry copy command
          • geometry delete command
          • geometry edge create command
          • geometry edge delete command
          • geometry edge export command
          • geometry edge extra command
          • geometry edge group command
          • geometry export command
          • geometry fill command
          • geometry generate command
          • geometry import command
          • geometry list command
          • geometry move-to command
          • geometry node create command
          • geometry node delete command
          • geometry node export command
          • geometry node extra command
          • geometry node group command
          • geometry paint-extra command
          • geometry polygon create command
          • geometry polygon delete command
          • geometry polygon export command
          • geometry polygon extra command
          • geometry polygon group command
          • geometry refine command
          • geometry results command
          • geometry rotate command
          • geometry select command
          • geometry separate command
          • geometry set command
          • geometry tessellate command
          • geometry translate command
          • geometry triangulate command
        • FISH Functions
          • geometry.edge Functions
            • geom.edge.create
            • geom.edge.delete
            • geom.edge.dir
            • geom.edge.extra
            • geom.edge.find
            • geom.edge.group
            • geom.edge.group.remove
            • geom.edge.id
            • geom.edge.isgroup
            • geom.edge.list
            • geom.edge.near
            • geom.edge.next.edge
            • geom.edge.next.index
            • geom.edge.node
            • geom.edge.node.pos
            • geom.edge.pos
            • geom.edge.remove
            • geom.edge.start.index
            • geom.edge.start.poly
            • geom.edge.typeid
          • geometry.node Functions
            • geom.node.create
            • geom.node.delete
            • geom.node.extra
            • geom.node.find
            • geom.node.group
            • geom.node.group.remove
            • geom.node.id
            • geom.node.isgroup
            • geom.node.list
            • geom.node.near
            • geom.node.pos
            • geom.node.remove
            • geom.node.start.edge
            • geom.node.start.index
            • geom.node.typeid
          • geometry.polygon Functions
            • geom.poly.add.edge
            • geom.poly.add.node
            • geom.poly.area
            • geom.poly.check
            • geom.poly.close
            • geom.poly.create
            • geom.poly.delete
            • geom.poly.edge
            • geom.poly.extra
            • geom.poly.find
            • geom.poly.group
            • geom.poly.group.remove
            • geom.poly.id
            • geom.poly.isgroup
            • geom.poly.list
            • geom.poly.near
            • geom.poly.next.index
            • geom.poly.next.poly
            • geom.poly.node
            • geom.poly.normal
            • geom.poly.pos
            • geom.poly.remove
            • geom.poly.size
            • geom.poly.typeid
          • geometry.set Functions
            • geom.set.closest
            • geom.set.create
            • geom.set.list
            • geom.set.delete
            • geom.set.edge.maxid
            • geom.set.edge.num
            • geom.set.find
            • geom.set.id
            • geom.set.list
            • geom.set.maxid
            • geom.set.name
            • geom.set.node.maxid
            • geom.set.node.num
            • geom.set.num
            • geom.set.poly.closest
            • geom.set.poly.maxid
            • geom.set.poly.num
            • geom.set.raydist
            • geom.set.remove
            • geom.set.typeid
      • Group
        • Commands
          • group.create command
          • group.list command
          • group.rename command
          • group.slot command
        • Group FISH Functions
          • group.find
          • group.find.slot
      • History
        • Commands
          • history delete command
          • history export command
          • history interval command
          • history label command
          • history list command
          • history purge command
          • history REName command
          • history results command
      • Model
        • Commands
          • model calm command
          • model clean command
          • model configure command
          • model creep command
          • model cycle command
          • model deterministic command
          • model display command
          • model domain command
          • model dynamic command
          • model energy command
          • model factor-of-safety command
          • model fluid command
          • model gravity command
          • model history command
          • model large-strain command
          • model list command
          • model mechanical command
          • model new command
          • model orientation-tracking command
          • model precision command
          • model random command
          • model range command
          • model restore command
          • model results command
          • model save command
          • model solve command
          • model step command
          • model thermal command
          • model title command
          • model update-interval command
      • Plot
        • Command-Driven Plotting Workflow
        • Switch/Keyword Options
          • Color
          • Color Ramps
          • Lines
          • Text
        • Commands
          • plot active command
          • plot background command
          • plot clear command
          • plot copy command
          • plot create command
          • plot current command
          • plot delete command
          • plot export command
          • plot item command
          • plot legend command
          • plot load command
          • plot movie command
          • plot outline command
          • plot print-size command
          • plot rename command
          • plot show command
          • plot title command
          • plot title-job command
          • plot update command
          • plot view command
      • Program
        • Commands
          • program automatic-model-save command
          • program call command
          • program continue command
          • program customer-title-1 command
          • program customer-title-2 command
          • program directory command
          • program echo command
          • program echo-line command
          • program encrypt command
          • program exit command
          • program floating-point-check command
          • program license command
          • program list command
          • program load command
          • program log command
          • program log-file command
          • program mail command
          • program notice command
          • program pagination command
          • program pause command
          • program playback command
          • program quit command
          • program return command
          • program stop command
          • program system command
          • program threads command
          • program undo command
          • program warning command
      • Project
        • Commands
          • project execute command
          • project list command
          • project new command
          • project restore command
          • project save command
          • project save-plugins command
      • Table
        • Commands
          • table add command
          • table clear command
          • table delete command
          • table export command
          • table import command
          • table insert command
          • table label command
          • table list command
          • table position command
          • table results command
          • table sort command
        • FISH Functions
          • table
          • table.as.list
          • table.clear
          • table.create
          • table.delete
          • table.derivative
          • table.fft
          • table.find
          • table.get
          • table.id
          • table.integrate
          • table.label
          • table.name
          • table.size
          • table.spectrum
          • table.value
          • table.x
          • table.y
      • Trace
        • Commands
          • trace delete command
          • trace export command
          • trace interval command
          • trace list command
          • trace name command
          • trace purge command
          • trace results command
      • Extra (keyword)
      • Group (keyword/command word)
        • A Command Word or A Keyword
        • Group Logic
        • Group Rules
        • Alternate Syntax
        • Data Hierarchies
        • Groups vs. Named Ranges
        • Another Way of Looking At It
      • List (keyword/command word)
      • Range (keyword)
        • The Range Phrase
        • Logical Operations in a Range Phrase
        • Named Ranges
        • Range Phrase Keyword Reference
        • FISH Functions
          • range.find
          • range.isin
      • Select & Hide (keywords)
      • Value Modifiers (add, multiply, gradient, & vary keywords)
      • Deprecated Commands and FISH
    • Index: Common Commands
    • Index: Common FISH
  • 3DEC
    • 3DEC Modeling
      • Introduction
        • Comparison with Other Methods
        • General Features
        • Optional Features
        • New Features in Version 7.0
        • Guide to 3DEC Documentation
          • User Support
      • Getting Started
        • Tutorial: Quick Start
          • Project
          • Layout
          • Creating a Model
          • Creating the Joint Sets
          • Creating the Wedge Feature
          • Boundary Conditions
          • Gravity
          • Material Properties
          • Solution
          • Plot Image Files
          • Save Initial State
          • Reduce Joint Friction and Solve
          • Cross Section
          • Conclusion
        • Mechanics of Using 3DEC
          • Projects and Files
          • Commands and FISH
          • Plotting and the Graphical User Interface
          • Nomenclature
          • Sign Conventions
          • System of Units
      • Problem Solving with 3DEC
        • Approach and Project Setup
          • Modeling on a Spectrum
          • Recommended Steps
          • Start a Project
        • Model Generation
          • Blocks, Joints, and Zones
          • Creating Single Blocks
          • Generating Block Assemblies
            • Generating Blocks from Geometry
            • Generating Blocks from VRML
            • Surface Topography and Face Extrusion
            • Voronoi Block Generation
            • Block Import/Export
          • Cutting Blocks
          • Block Generation: Densify and Octree
          • Block Quality Metrics
          • A Note on Tolerance
        • Zoning 3DEC Blocks
          • Rigid vs. Deformable
          • Zone Types
          • Generating Zones
          • Importing and Merging
        • Choice of Constitutive Model
          • Zones
            • Overview of Constitutive Models
            • Selection of an Appropriate Model
            • The Effect of Water
            • Ways to Implement Constitutive Models
          • Joints
            • Selection of an Appropriate Model
        • Material Properties
          • Zone Properties
            • Mass Density
            • Intrinsic Deformability Properties
            • Intrinsic Strength Properties
            • Post-Failure Properties
            • Extrapolation to Field-Scale Properties
            • Spatial Variation and Randomness of Property Distribution
          • Joint Properties
          • Contact Material Table
        • Boundary Conditions
          • Stress Boundary
            • Applied Stress Gradient
            • Changing Boundary Stresses
            • Checking the Boundary Condition
            • Cautions and Advice
          • Displacement Boundary
          • Real Boundaries – Choosing the Right Type
          • Artificial Boundaries
            • Symmetry Planes
            • Boundary Truncation – Location of the Far-Field Boundary
        • Initial Conditions
          • Uniform Stresses in an Unjointed Medium: No Gravity
          • Stresses with Gradients in an Unjointed Medium: Uniform Material
          • Stresses with Gradients in a Nonuniform Material
          • Compaction within a Model with Nonuniform Zoning
          • Initial Stresses following a Model Change
          • Stresses in a Jointed Medium
          • Specifying Initial Pore Pressure
          • Transferring Field Stresses to Model Stresses
        • Reaching Equilibrium
          • Convergence Criteria
            • Local Maximum Force Ratio
            • Average Force Ratio
            • Maximum Force Ratio
            • Convergence
          • Choosing Convergence Criteria
          • Evaluating Equilibrium
        • Loading and Sequential Modeling
        • Working with Geometric Data
          • Geometric Data
          • Geometry Visualization
          • Geometry Painting
          • Geometric Filtering - Geometry Range Elements
          • Geometry Data and Group Assignment
        • Working with FISH
          • Defining a FISH Function
          • Variables
          • Using FISH for Custom Calculations
          • FISH Rules, Syntax, and Statements, Illustrated
          • Lists
          • Maps, and Arrays
          • List Splitting and Filtering
          • FISH Automatic-Create
          • Further Information
        • Exporting 3DEC models
          • Exporting to FLAC3D
          • Exporting to PFC
          • Exporting to UDEC
    • 3DEC Theory and Background
      • Background — the 3D Distinct Element Method
        • Aspects of Modeling a Discontinuous System
          • Computer Programs for Modeling Discontinuous Systems
          • History of the Distinct Element Method
        • Numerical Formulation of the Distinct Element Method in 3D
          • A Scheme to Detect and Represent Contacts in 3D
            • The Data Structure
            • Identification of Neighbors
            • Contact Detection
            • Interaction between Blocks
          • Mechanical Calculations for Motion and Interaction in 3D
            • Calculation Cycle
            • Sub-contact Force Update
            • Coulomb-Slip Joint Model
            • Rigid Block Motion
            • Deformable Block Motion
          • Nodal Mixed Discretization for a Tetrahedral Grid
            • Higher-Order Tetrahedral Elements
            • Mechanical Damping
            • Numerical Stability
            • Mass (Density) Scaling
            • Partial Mass Density Scaling for Dynamic Analysis
        • References
      • Constitutive Models in 3DEC
        • Block Constitutive Models
        • Zone Constitutive Models
        • Creep Material Models
        • Joint Constitutive Models
          • Elastic Joint Model
            • Properties
          • Mohr-Coulomb Joint Model
            • Example
            • Properties
          • Softening-Healing Mohr-Coulomb Joint Model
            • Example
            • Properties
            • References
          • Bilinear Mohr-Coulomb Joint Model
            • Examples
              • Peak strength test
              • Normal stress threshold tests
              • Residual strength test
              • Dilation test
            • Properties
          • Power Law Creeping Joint Model
            • Example: Direct Shear Test
            • Data Files
            • References
          • Continuously Yielding Joint Model
            • Example Applications
            • Properties
            • References
          • Nonlinear Joint Model
            • Example: Normal Loading
            • Example: Shear Loading
            • Example: Shear Loading with Non-linear Shear Stiffness
            • Properties
        • Writing New Constitutive Models
      • Structural Elements
        • Introduction
        • Rock Reinforcement
        • Local Reinforcement at Joints (sel reinforcement command)
          • Axial Behavior
          • Shear Behavior
          • Numerical Formulation
          • Estimation of Active Length
          • Local Reinforcement Properties
          • Summary of Commands Associated with Local Reinforcement Elements
          • Example Application — Reinforced Slope
        • Hybrid Bolts (sel hybrid command)
          • Geometry
          • Hybrid Bolt Properties
          • Calibration
            • Influence of Segment Length and Dowel Length
            • The Calibration Steps
            • Orientation-Dependent Shear Strength
            • Effect of Joint Friction Angle on Bolt Load Capacity
          • HTML Calibration Tool
          • Summary of Commands Associated with Hybrid Bolts
          • Example Application: Simple Shear Test
          • Example Application: Simple Pullout Test
          • Example Application: Simple Tunnel
        • Modeling Considerations
          • Material Properties
          • Symmetry Conditions
          • Equilibrium Conditions
          • Sign Convention
        • References
      • Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
        • Introduction
        • Pore Pressure and Effective Stress
          • Introduction
            • Definitions
            • Pore Pressure in 3DEC
            • A Note on Using the block water table Command
          • No Flow Example
        • Matrix Fluid Flow
          • Introduction
          • 3DEC Fluid-Mechanical Formulation – Mathematical Description
            • Conventions and Definitions
            • Governing Differential Equations
            • Balance Laws
            • Constitutive Laws
          • Numerical Formulation
            • Introduction
            • Saturated Fluid Flow
              • Finite-Difference Approximation to Space Derivatives
              • Nodal Formulation of the Mass Balance Equation
              • Explicit Finite-Difference Formulation
            • Mechanical Timestep and Numerical Stability
            • Total Stress Correction
          • Properties and Units for Fluid Flow Analysis
            • Permeability Coefficient
            • Mass Density
            • Fluid Bulk Modulus
              • Fluid Modulus and Convergence
              • Fluid Modulus for Drained and Undrained Analyses
          • Porosity
          • Fluid-Flow Boundary Conditions, Initial Conditions, Sources, and Sinks
          • Calculation Modes for Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
            • Grid Not Configured for Fluid Flow
            • Grid Configured for Fluid Flow
            • Storage, Diffusivity, and Timestep
            • Flow-Only Calculation
              • Steady State
              • Transient
            • No Flow — Mechanical Generation of Pore Pressure
            • Coupled Flow and Mechanical Calculations
              • Fully Coupled Analysis
              • Uncoupled Analysis
            • Selection of a Modeling Approach for Fully Coupled Analysis
          • Verification Examples
            • Transient Groundwater Flow in a Confined Layer
            • One-Dimensional Consolidation
        • Joint Fluid Flow
          • Introduction
          • Joint Hydraulics and Parallel Plate Model for Incompressible Flow
            • Range of Validity of Parallel Plate Model, Hydraulic Aperture, and Mechanical Aperture
          • Hydromechanically Coupled Fluid-Flow Formulation in Rock Masses
            • Effect of Pore Pressure on Deformation and Strength
            • Effect of Mechanical Deformation on Permeability
            • Effect of Deformation on Pore Pressures
          • 3DEC Joint Model
            • Constitutive Model and Relevant Properties
            • Degree of Saturation
            • Fluid Timestep Size and Numerical Stability
          • Calculation Modes and Commands for Fluid-Flow Analysis
            • Fluid-Only Analysis
            • One-Way Coupling
            • Undrained
            • Fully Coupled Hydromechanical Simulation
              • Definition of Fluid Properties
              • Solving for Initial State
              • Running the Coupled Solution
              • Example
              • Fast Flow
          • Leak-off
          • Considerations for Model Optimization
          • Representation of a Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) for Fluid Flow Simulations
          • Geometrical and Topological Model of a Fractured Rock Mass
            • Introduction
            • 3DEC Geometrical Entities
              • Fluid Flow Data Structure
              • Accessing Flow Plane Data
              • Links between the Solid and Flow Models
              • Generation of Geometry of the Flow Model
          • Gas Flow
            • Implementation
            • Example
          • Fluid Discharge and Velocity
          • References
        • Proppant
          • Introduction
          • Logic Overview
          • Basic Equations
            • Proppant Convection
            • Slurry Viscosity
          • Numerical Implementation
            • Transport with No Aperture Change
              • Transient Term
              • Advection Term
          • Mechanical Coupling
            • Aperture Change with No Transport
            • Load Carried by the Proppant Pack
            • Bridging
            • Proppant Convection
            • Condition at an Intersection Between Flow Planes
            • Timestep for Stability
            • Boundary and Initial Conditions
          • Examples
            • Planar Flow
            • Injection
            • Bridging
            • Proppant Settlement
        • Fluid Flow Properties and Units
      • Factor-of-Safety Calculation
      • Energy Calculation
        • Introduction
        • Energy Balance
        • Calculation of Individual Energy Components
          • Total Boundary Loading Work ((W))
          • Potential Energy ((U_b))
          • Kinetic Energy ((U_k))
          • Damped Energy ((W_k))
          • Strain Energy Stored in the Rock Mass ((U_c))
            • Block-Stored Strain Energy ((U_{cb}))
            • Joint Strain Energy ((U_{cj}))
            • Strain Energy Content of Excavated Material ((U_m))
            • Friction Work Done on Joints ((W_j))
          • Viscous Boundary Work ((W_v))
          • Energy Dissipation in Blocks through Plastic Work ((W_p))
            • Energy Dissipated in Backfill Compression
            • Volume of Excavated Material ((V_m))
            • Method of Operation in 3DEC
            • Example: Excavation of a Circular Hole
        • References
      • Isolated Block Stability Method
        • Introduction
        • Description of the Method
          • Approach
          • Equations
            • Block Equilibrium
            • Block Movement as a Rigid Body
            • Joint Constitutive Equations
            • Linear System
          • Stability evaluation
        • Example Applications
          • Single Block Stability
          • Parametric Study on Block Stability and Comparison to 3DEC Rigid Blocks
          • Tunnel with Multiple Blocks
        • References
      • Structural Finite Elements
        • Element Formulation
          • Notation Conventions
          • Geometry Mapping
          • Displacements and Strains
          • Stresses and Nodal Forces
          • Gravity Forces
          • Concentrated Forces
        • Element Implementation in 3DEC
        • Contact Forces
        • Application of Boundary Loads and Velocities
        • Solution Algorithm
        • Generation and Use of FE Blocks
        • Shape Functions and Derivatives
        • Commands and Keywords for Finite Element Blocks
        • Verification: Cantilever Beam
        • Example: Tunnel Liner
        • Example of Creating a Finite Element Base Model of a Dam in 3DEC
      • References
    • 3DEC Commands and FISH
      • Block
        • Commands
          • block commands
            • block analyze-stability command
            • block apply command
            • block apply-remove command
            • block cells command
            • block copy command
            • block create command
            • block cut command
            • block delete command
            • block densify command
            • block dynamic command
            • block excavate command
            • block export command
            • block fill command
            • block finite-element command
            • block fix command
            • block fluid command
            • block fragment command
            • block free command
            • block generate command
            • block group command
            • block hide command
            • block history command
            • block import command
            • block initialize command
            • block insitu command
            • block join command
            • block joint-plane command
            • block list command
            • block makewall command
            • block mechanical command
            • block merge-finish command
            • block merge-start command
            • block property command
            • block skip-join-update command
            • block thermal command
            • block to-flac3d command
            • block to-pfc command
            • block to-udec command
            • block tolerance command
            • block trace command
            • block update command
            • block vtk command
            • block water command
          • block contact commands
            • block contact apply command
            • block contact area-minimum command
            • block contact compute command
            • block contact delete-open command
            • block contact generate-subcontacts command
            • block contact group command
            • block contact group-subcontact command
            • block contact history command
            • block contact jmodel command
            • block contact join command
            • block contact list command
            • block contact local-stiffness command
            • block contact material-table command
            • block contact property command
            • block contact property-distribution command
            • block contact record-shear command
            • block contact reset command
            • block contact tolerance command
          • block face commands
            • block face apply command
            • block face apply-remove command
            • block face group command
            • block face list command
            • block face triangulate command
          • block gridpoint commands
            • block gridpoint apply command
            • block gridpoint apply-remove command
            • block gridpoint group command
            • block gridpoint initialize command
            • block gridpoint list command
            • block gridpoint trace command
          • block zone commands
            • block zone cmodel command
            • block zone fluid command
            • block zone generate command
            • block zone generate-new command
            • block zone group command
            • block zone initialize command
            • block zone list command
            • block zone nodal-mixed-discretization command
            • block zone property command
            • block zone property-distribution command
            • block zone size command
            • block zone thermal command
            • block zone volume-minimum-delete command
          • fblock commands
            • fblock delete command
            • fblock group command
            • fblock list command
        • FISH Functions
          • block functions
            • block.area
            • block.atol
            • block.btol
            • block.contactlist
            • block.convergence
            • block.ctol
            • block.damp.alpha
            • block.damp.beta
            • block.damp.global
            • block.damp.local
            • block.density
            • block.disp
            • block.dsf
            • block.dt.fraction
            • block.dtol
            • block.eigen
            • block.etol
            • block.excavated
            • block.extra
            • block.facelist
            • block.feb.elementlist
            • block.feb.facelist
            • block.find
            • block.fix
            • block.fluid.bulk
            • block.fluid.cohesion
            • block.fluid.density
            • block.fluid.htc
            • block.fluid.specheat
            • block.fluid.thermcond
            • block.fluid.viscosity
            • block.fluid.vol.unbal.av
            • block.fluid.vol.unbal.max
            • block.force.app
            • block.force.unbal
            • block.freefield
            • block.fromindex
            • block.gas.alpha
            • block.gas.bulkmin
            • block.gas.constant
            • block.gas.densmin
            • block.gplist
            • block.group
            • block.group.remove
            • block.head
            • block.hidden
            • block.id
            • block.index
            • block.inside
            • block.isgroup
            • block.list
            • block.mass
            • block.master
            • block.mech.ratio
            • block.mech.ratio.avg
            • block.mech.ratio.max
            • block.moi
            • block.moitensor
            • block.moment
            • block.ms
            • block.msnext
            • block.near
            • block.next
            • block.num
            • block.pos
            • block.proppant.conclimit
            • block.proppant.density
            • block.proppant.grainsize
            • block.proppant.grainsize.factor
            • block.proppant.modulus
            • block.proppant.perm
            • block.proppant.perm.factor
            • block.region
            • block.rigid
            • block.rvel
            • block.thermal.conductivity
            • block.thermal.diffusivity
            • block.thermal.grid.n12
            • block.thermal.grid.n23
            • block.thermal.grid.num
            • block.thermal.grid.point
            • block.thermal.grid.source
            • block.thermal.grid.strength
            • block.thermal.grid.tstart
            • block.thermal.line.n12
            • block.thermal.line.num
            • block.thermal.line.point
            • block.thermal.line.source
            • block.thermal.line.strength
            • block.thermal.line.tstart
            • block.thermal.point
            • block.thermal.point.num
            • block.thermal.point.source
            • block.thermal.point.strength
            • block.thermal.point.tstart
            • block.thermal.source.components
            • block.thermal.decay.fraction
            • block.thermal.source.fraction
            • block.thermal.source.num
            • block.unbal
            • block.vel
            • block.vol
            • block.wall
            • block.zonelist
          • block.contact functions
            • block.contact.b1
            • block.contact.b2
            • block.contact.dfnid
            • block.contact.energy.fric
            • block.contact.energy.strain.comp
            • block.contact.energy.strain.shear
            • block.contact.energy.strain.tensile
            • block.contact.energy.strain.total
            • block.contact.excavated
            • block.contact.extra
            • block.contact.fb1
            • block.contact.fb2
            • block.contact.fid
            • block.contact.find
            • block.contact.flowplane
            • block.contact.fromindex
            • block.contact.group
            • block.contact.group.remove
            • block.contact.head
            • block.contact.hidden
            • block.contact.id
            • block.contact.index
            • block.contact.isgroup
            • block.contact.jset
            • block.contact.list
            • block.contact.near
            • block.contact.next
            • block.contact.normal
            • block.contact.num
            • block.contact.pos
            • block.contact.subcontactlist
            • block.contact.type
          • block.subcontact functions
            • block.subcontact.apini
            • block.subcontact.area
            • block.subcontact.b1
            • block.subcontact.b2
            • block.subcontact.contact
            • block.subcontact.dfnid
            • block.subcontact.disp.norm
            • block.subcontact.disp.shear
            • block.subcontact.disp.shear.max
            • block.subcontact.edgegp
            • block.subcontact.energy
            • block.subcontact.energy.total
            • block.subcontact.excavated
            • block.subcontact.extra
            • block.subcontact.face
            • block.subcontact.fid
            • block.subcontact.find
            • block.subcontact.flowplane.vertex
            • block.subcontact.flowplane.zone
            • block.subcontact.force.norm
            • block.subcontact.force.pp
            • block.subcontact.force.shear
            • block.subcontact.fromindex
            • block.subcontact.gp
            • block.subcontact.group
            • block.subcontact.group.remove
            • block.subcontact.hidden
            • block.subcontact.id
            • block.subcontact.index
            • block.subcontact.isgroup
            • block.subcontact.list
            • block.subcontact.model
            • block.subcontact.near
            • block.subcontact.near.list
            • block.subcontact.next
            • block.subcontact.num
            • block.subcontact.partner
            • block.subcontact.pos
            • block.subcontact.pp
            • block.subcontact.prop
            • block.subcontact.sratio
            • block.subcontact.state
            • block.subcontact.state.string
            • block.subcontact.stress.norm
            • block.subcontact.stress.shear
            • block.subcontact.type
            • block.subcontact.vel.shear
          • block.face functions
            • block.face.area
            • block.face.bface
            • block.face.excavated
            • block.face.extra
            • block.face.fblock
            • block.face.fid
            • block.face.find
            • block.face.flowplane
            • block.face.fos.kinematic
            • block.face.fromindex
            • block.face.gp
            • block.face.gplist
            • block.face.group
            • block.face.group.remove
            • block.face.hidden
            • block.face.hostblock
            • block.face.id
            • block.face.index
            • block.face.isgroup
            • block.face.jset
            • block.face.list
            • block.face.next
            • block.face.ngp
            • block.face.normal
            • block.face.original
            • block.face.planar
            • block.face.pos
            • block.face.sreg
            • block.face.zone
          • block.gp functions
            • block.gp.convergence
            • block.gp.bc
            • block.gp.bc.norm
            • block.gp.bc.x
            • block.gp.bc.y
            • block.gp.bc.z
            • block.gp.disp
            • block.gp.dsf
            • block.gp.extra
            • block.gp.fblock
            • block.gp.find
            • block.gp.flowknot
            • block.gp.flux
            • block.gp.flux.app
            • block.gp.force.app
            • block.gp.force.reaction
            • block.gp.force.unbal
              • Component Access
            • block.gp.fromindex
            • block.gp.gplinks
            • block.gp.group
            • block.gp.group.remove
            • block.gp.hostblock
            • block.gp.id
            • block.gp.index
            • block.gp.isgroup
            • block.gp.linkzones
            • block.gp.list
            • block.gp.mass
            • block.gp.mass.dynamic
            • block.gp.mass.thermal
            • block.gp.near
            • block.gp.near.list
            • block.gp.next
            • block.gp.num
            • block.gp.pos
            • block.gp.pp
            • block.gp.ratio
            • block.gp.ratio.target
            • block.gp.stiffness
            • block.gp.temp
            • block.gp.vel
            • block.gp.vel.app
          • block.zone functions
            • block.zone.condition
            • block.zone.containing
            • block.zone.discharge
            • block.zone.dt.fraction
            • block.zone.excavated
            • block.zone.extra
            • block.zone.face.area
            • block.zone.face.gp
            • block.zone.face.normal
            • block.zone.face.pos
            • block.zone.find
            • block.zone.fromindex
            • block.zone.geo_metric
            • block.zone.gp
            • block.zone.group
            • block.zone.group.remove
            • block.zone.hidden
            • block.zone.hostblock
            • block.zone.isgroup
            • block.zone.join
            • block.zone.list
            • block.zone.mass
            • block.zone.model
            • block.zone.near
            • block.zone.next
            • block.zone.nmd
            • block.zone.num
            • block.zone.plane.traction
            • block.zone.pos
            • block.zone.pp
            • block.zone.prop
            • block.zone.prop.thermal
            • block.zone.strain.rotation.inc
            • block.zone.strain.rotation.rate
            • block.zone.state
            • block.zone.strain.inc
            • block.zone.strain.rate
            • block.zone.strain.shear.inc
            • block.zone.strain.shear.rate
            • block.zone.strain.total
            • block.zone.strain.vol.inc
            • block.zone.strain.vol.rate
            • block.zone.stress
            • block.zone.stress.effective
            • block.zone.stress.int
            • block.zone.stress.max
            • block.zone.stress.min
            • block.zone.stress.prin
            • block.zone.stress.prin.dir
            • block.zone.vol
          • block.fragment functions
            • block.fragment.aspect
            • block.fragment.blocks
            • block.fragment.id
            • block.fragment.list
            • block.fragment.volume
          • block.field functions
            • block.field.component
            • block.field.effective
            • block.field.extra
            • block.field.get
            • block.field.get.gp
            • block.field.hide.exc
            • block.field.index
            • block.field.init
            • block.field.method.index
            • block.field.method.name
            • block.field.name
            • block.field.power
            • block.field.prop
            • block.field.quantity
            • block.field.radius.ratio
            • block.field.reset
            • block.field.source
            • block.field.tol
          • fblock functions
            • fblock.contact
            • fblock.excavated
            • fblock.face
            • fblock.find
            • fblock.fromindex
            • fblock.gplist
            • fblock.group
            • fblock.isgroup
            • fblock.group.remove
            • fblock.head
            • fblock.hidden
            • fblock.hostblock
            • fblock.hostface
            • fblock.index
            • fblock.list
            • fblock.next
            • fblock.pos
      • FEBlock
        • Commands
          • feblock commands
            • feblock generate command
            • feblock gravity command
            • feblock list command
        • FISH Functions
          • feblock functions
            • feblock.adjacent
            • feblock.block
            • feblock.gauss.pos
            • feblock.gauss.state
            • feblock.gauss.stress
            • feblock.gplist
            • feblock.group
            • feblock.group.remove
            • feblock.index
            • feblock.isgroup
            • feblock.material
            • feblock.next
            • feblock.pos
            • feblock.type
          • feblock.face functions
            • feblock.face.group
            • feblock.face.group.remove
            • feblock.face.hostblock
            • feblock.face.index
            • feblock.face.isgroup
            • feblock.face.next
            • feblock.face.normal
            • feblock.face.number
            • feblock.face.pos
      • Flow
        • Commands
          • flowknot commands
            • flowknot apply command
            • flowknot apply-remove command
            • flowknot fix command
            • flowknot free command
            • flowknot group command
            • flowknot hide command
            • flowknot history command
            • flowknot initialize command
            • flowknot list command
            • flowknot property command
            • flowknot volume-minimum command
          • flowplane commands
            • flowplane active command
            • flowplane area-minimum command
            • flowplane group command
            • flowplane hide command
            • flowplane list command
            • flowplane property command
          • flowplane edge commands
            • flowplane edge apply command
            • flowplane edge apply-remove command
            • flowplane edge list command
          • flowplane vertex commands
            • flowplane vertex group command
            • flowplane vertex history command
            • flowplane vertex initialize command
            • flowplane vertex list command
            • flowplane vertex property command
          • flowplane zone commands
            • flowplane zone area-minimum command
            • flowplane zone edge-minimum command
            • flowplane zone group command
            • flowplane zone list command
        • FISH Functions
          • flowknot functions
            • flowknot.area
            • flowknot.bulk
            • flowknot.extra
            • flowknot.find
            • flowknot.fix.fluid
            • flowknot.fix.proppant
            • flowknot.fix.thermal
            • flowknot.flux.fluid.app
            • flowknot.flux.thermal
            • flowknot.flux.thermal.app
            • flowknot.flux.thermal.unbal
            • flowknot.fromindex
            • flowknot.group
            • flowknot.group.remove
            • flowknot.head
            • flowknot.htc
            • flowknot.id
            • flowknot.index
            • flowknot.isgroup
            • flowknot.list
            • flowknot.near
            • flowknot.next
            • flowknot.pos
            • flowknot.pp
            • flowknot.propin.mass
            • flowknot.propin.vol
            • flowknot.stiffness
            • flowknot.temp
            • flowknot.timestep
            • flowknot.trans
            • flowknot.vol
            • flowknot.vol.unbal
            • flowknot.vol.unbal.max
          • flowplane functions
            • flowplane.area
            • flowplane.contact
            • flowplane.extra
            • flowplane.find
            • flowplane.fromindex
            • flowplane.group
            • flowplane.group.remove
            • flowplane.head
            • flowplane.id
            • flowplane.index
            • flowplane.isgroup
            • flowplane.list
            • flowplane.local1
            • flowplane.local2
            • flowplane.next
            • flowplane.pos
            • flowplane.prop
            • flowplane.vertexlist
            • flowplane.zonelist
          • flowplane.vertex functions
            • flowplane.vertex.aperture.hydraulic
            • flowplane.vertex.aperture.mech
            • flowplane.vertex.area
            • flowplane.vertex.extra
            • flowplane.vertex.find
            • flowplane.vertex.flowplane
            • flowplane.vertex.fromindex
            • flowplane.vertex.group
            • flowplane.vertex.group.remove
            • flowplane.vertex.id
            • flowplane.vertex.index
            • flowplane.vertex.isgroup
            • flowplane.vertex.knot
            • flowplane.vertex.list
            • flowplane.vertex.local1
            • flowplane.vertex.local2
            • flowplane.vertex.next
            • flowplane.vertex.pos
            • flowplane.vertex.property
            • flowplane.vertex.proppant.mconc
            • flowplane.vertex.proppant.thick
            • flowplane.vertex.proppant.vconc
            • flowplane.vertex.subcontact1
            • flowplane.vertex.subcontact2
            • flowplane.vertex.visc
            • flowplane.vertex.weight1
            • flowplane.vertex.weight2
          • flowplane.zone functions
            • flowplane.zone.area
            • flowplane.zone.discharge
            • flowplane.zone.extra
            • flowplane.zone.find
            • flowplane.zone.flowplane
            • flowplane.zone.fromindex
            • flowplane.zone.group
            • flowplane.zone.group.remove
            • flowplane.zone.id
            • flowplane.zone.index
            • flowplane.zone.isgroup
            • flowplane.zone.list
            • flowplane.zone.next
            • flowplane.zone.pos
            • flowplane.zone.velocity
            • flowplane.zone.vertex
      • SEL (Structural Element)
        • Commands
          • sel hybrid commands
            • sel hybrid change command
            • sel hybrid create command
            • sel hybrid delete command
            • sel hybrid group command
            • sel hybrid history command
            • sel hybrid list command
            • sel hybrid node command
            • sel hybrid property command
            • sel hybrid update command
          • sel node commands
            • sel node group command
            • sel node mass-multiplier command
            • sel node property command
          • sel reinforcement commands
            • sel reinforcement create command
            • sel reinforcement group command
            • sel reinforcement history command
            • sel reinforcement list command
            • sel reinforcement property command
        • FISH Functions
          • sel.hybrid functions
            • sel.hybrid.area
            • sel.hybrid.collection
            • sel.hybrid.dir
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.dis
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.force
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.group
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.group.remove
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.isgroup
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.length
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.norm
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.pos
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.sfactor
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.state
            • sel.hybrid.dowel.strain
            • sel.hybrid.dowellist
            • sel.hybrid.extra
            • sel.hybrid.find
            • sel.hybrid.force.axial
            • sel.hybrid.force.thermal
            • sel.hybrid.fromindex
            • sel.hybrid.group
            • sel.hybrid.group.remove
            • sel.hybrid.grout.cohesion
            • sel.hybrid.grout.friction
            • sel.hybrid.grout.perimeter
            • sel.hybrid.grout.stiffness
            • sel.hybrid.head
            • sel.hybrid.id
            • sel.hybrid.index
            • sel.hybrid.isgroup
            • sel.hybrid.length
            • sel.hybrid.list
            • sel.hybrid.material
            • sel.hybrid.material.num
            • sel.hybrid.next
            • sel.hybrid.node
            • sel.hybrid.pos
            • sel.hybrid.rupture.tension
            • sel.hybrid.state
            • sel.hybrid.strain.axial
            • sel.hybrid.stress.axial
            • sel.hybrid.yield.compression
            • sel.hybrid.yield.tension
            • sel.hybrid.young
          • sel.node functions
            • sel.node.along
            • sel.node.attach
            • sel.node.bond
            • sel.node.collection
            • sel.node.dis
            • sel.node.extra
            • sel.node.find
            • sel.node.fix
            • sel.node.force
            • sel.node.force.app
            • sel.node.force.shear
            • sel.node.fromindex
            • sel.node.group
            • sel.node.group.remove
            • sel.node.head
            • sel.node.id
            • sel.node.index
            • sel.node.isgroup
            • sel.node.length
            • sel.node.list
            • sel.node.mass
            • sel.node.material
            • sel.node.matnum
            • sel.node.near
            • sel.node.next
            • sel.node.pos
            • sel.node.vel
          • sel.reinforcement functions
            • sel.reinforcement.b1
            • sel.reinforcement.b2
            • sel.reinforcement.collection
            • sel.reinforcement.dir
            • sel.reinforcement.disp.axial
            • sel.reinforcement.disp.shear
            • sel.reinforcement.extra
            • sel.reinforcement.face1
            • sel.reinforcement.face2
            • sel.reinforcement.find
            • sel.reinforcement.force.axial
            • sel.reinforcement.force.shear
            • sel.reinforcement.fromindex
            • sel.reinforcement.group
            • sel.reinforcement.group.remove
            • sel.reinforcement.halflength
            • sel.reinforcement.id
            • sel.reinforcement.index
            • sel.reinforcement.isgroup
            • sel.reinforcement.list
            • sel.reinforcement.material.num
            • sel.reinforcement.next
            • sel.reinforcement.pos
            • sel.reinforcement.rupture.shear
            • sel.reinforcement.rupture.tension
            • sel.reinforcement.state
            • sel.reinforcement.stiffness.axial
            • sel.reinforcement.stiffness.shear
            • sel.reinforcement.strain.axial
            • sel.reinforcement.strain.shear
            • sel.reinforcement.yield.shear
            • sel.reinforcement.yield.tension
    • Options
      • Thermal Option
        • Numerical Thermal Formulation
          • Introduction
          • Heat Conduction
            • Introduction
            • Mathematical Model Description
            • Numerical Formulation
            • Solving Thermal-Only and Thermal-Mechanical Problems
          • Heat Convection
            • Introduction
            • Mathematical Model Description
            • Numerical Formulation
            • Stability and Accuracy
            • Solving Thermal Convection Problems
          • Input Instructions for Thermal Analysis
            • 3DEC Commands
          • Systems of Units for Thermal Analysis
          • Verification Examples
            • Conduction in a Plane Sheet
            • Heating of a Hollow Cylinder
            • Infinite Line Heat Source in an Infinite Medium
            • One-Dimensional Thermal Transport by Conduction and Convection
          • Application Examples
            • Thermal Convection in a Fracture at Depth
        • Analytical Thermal Formulation
          • Introduction
          • Theory
            • The Temperature Due to a Distribution of Heat Sources
            • Boundary Conditions
            • Thermally Induced Stress Changes
          • Application in 3DEC
          • Input Commands
          • Verification
            • A Single Non-decaying Point Heat Source
            • Superposition of Several Non-decaying Sources
            • Lines and Grids of Sources
            • Decaying Sources
            • Thermomechanical Effects
          • An Example Problem – Waste Repository Drift Model
        • References
      • Dynamic Analysis
        • Damping
          • Rayleigh Damping
          • Example of Different Damping Techniques
          • Guidelines for Selecting Rayleigh Damping Parameters for Dynamic Analysis
            • Maxwell Damping
              • Formulation
          • Standard Linear Solid
          • Full Maxwell Damping Scheme
          • User Inputs and Maxwell Component Properties
          • Explicit Algorithm
          • Implicit Algorithm
          • Verification Problem
            • Verification problem: Maxwell damping in 3DEC
              • Rigid Blocks
              • Deformable Block
              • Deformable Blocks with Joints
        • Natural Modes of Oscillation
          • Example Problems (from Cundall et al. (1979), pp. 71-73)
        • Wave Transmission
        • Partial Density Scaling for Dynamic Analysis
          • Example of Partial Density Scaling
        • Boundary Conditions
          • Nonreflecting Boundaries
          • Free-Field Boundaries
            • Example Using Dynamic Free Field
        • Application of Dynamic Input
          • Baseline Correction of Input Histories
        • Calculation of Natural Frequencies and Modes of Vibration
          • Rigid Block Example
          • Deformable Block Example
        • Verification Examples
          • Slip on a Joint Induced by a Propagating Harmonic Shear Wave
            • Problem Statement
            • Analytic Solution
            • Material Properties
            • Dynamic Loading
            • Results
          • Line Source in an Infinite Elastic Medium with a Discontinuity
            • Problem Statement
            • Analytic Solution
            • Model Setup
            • Properties of Joints and Continuous Medium
            • Dynamic Loading
            • Results
          • References
      • C++ Option
        • Writing New Joint Constitutive Models
          • Methodology
            • Base Class for Joint Constitutive Models
            • Member Functions
            • Registration of Models
            • Information Passed between Model and Program during Cycling
            • State Indicators of Subcontacts
          • Implementation
            • Utility Structures
            • Example Constitutive Model
              • initialize() and run() functions
            • FISH Support for Constitutive Models
            • Creating User-Written Model DLLs
              • Using the Template
            • Loading and Running User-Written Model DLLs
        • Programmer’s Interface
    • Examples
      • Verification Problems & Example Applications
        • Sliding Wedge
        • Falling Wedge
        • Block with a Slipping Crack under Cyclic Loading
        • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Elastic Medium
        • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Medium
        • Rough Square Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
        • Stability of an Open Pit in a Jointed Rock Mass
        • Assessment of Fault Slip Potential from Sill Pillar Mining
        • Highway Loading of an Arch Bridge
        • Hydraulic Fracture
        • Hydraulic Fracture with DFN
        • Excavation in a Saturated Soil
        • Flying Buttress
        • Flemish Wall
        • Discrete Fracture Network (Advanced)
        • Finite Element Dam
        • Open Pit with Face Blocks
        • Open Pit with Octree Blocking
          • Geometries
          • Zoning and Properites
          • Initial and Boundary Conditions
          • Excavation
          • Painting
        • Sliding and Toppling Blocks
        • Supported Tunnel
        • UCS Test with Fragmentation
        • UCS Test with Voronoi Blocks
        • Rockmass Integration
        • Lined Circular Tunnel in an Elastic Medium with Anisotropic Stresses
        • Tutorial: Braced Support of a Vertical Excavation
        • Example: Ring Support of a Jointed Tunnel
        • Cable-Reinforced Beam
        • Example: Pull-Test for a Grouted Cable Anchor
        • Advancing Lined Tunnel (Slip at Liner-Soil Interface)
        • Demonstration of Large-Strain Sliding
        • Simple Test of Liner-Block Interface Behavior
        • Liner-Reinforced Beam
        • Structural Liner in Jointed Tunnel
        • Example: Shear and tension test for rockbolt crossing a joint
          • Simple Shear Test
          • Simple Tension Test
    • Index: 3DEC Commands
    • Index: 3DEC FISH
    • 3DEC 7.0 for 5.2 Users
      • Command and FISH Syntax
      • Materials
      • Large Strain
      • FISH
      • New Features in Version 7.0
        • Commands and Scripting
        • Plotting and User Interface
        • Model Building
        • Hybrid Bolts
        • Miscellaneous
      • Conversion of 5.2 and older Data Files
    • Command and FISH Maps
      • 3DEC 5.2 to 7.0 Commands Map
      • 3DEC 5.2 to 7.0 FISH Map
  • Scripting
    • FISH Scripting Reference
      • FISH Rules and Usage
        • Lines
        • Data Types
          • Strings
          • Pointers
          • Vectors
          • Tensors
          • Matrices
          • Lists
            • Appending to a list
            • Prepending to a list
            • Inserting into a list
          • Maps
          • Structures
          • Arrays
        • Reserved Names for Functions and Variables
        • Scope of Variables
        • Functions: Structure, Evaluation and Calling Scheme
        • Operators, Assignment, Conversions, and Member Access
        • Executing FISH: Inline FISH or FISH Fragments
        • Splitting: Automatic Execution of Functions on Type Contents
          • List Filtering
          • Splitting on Assignment
          • Splitting and Multithreading
          • Conclusion and Tips
        • Operators: Multi-threaded function support
        • Redefining FISH Functions
        • FISH Error Handling
        • FISH Callback Events
        • FISH Debugging
      • FISH Statements
        • Caseof - Case - Endcase
        • Command - EndCommand
        • Define - End
        • Exit
        • Global
        • If - Else If - Else - EndIf
        • Local
        • Lock
        • Loop - EndLoop
          • Indexed Loop
          • While Loop
          • For Loop
          • ForEach Loop
          • Loop Control Statements
        • Return
        • Section - EndSection
        • Struct - Structure
      • FISH Commands
        • fish automatic-create command
        • fish boolean-convert command
        • fish callback command
        • fish debug command
        • fish define command
        • fish history command
        • fish list command
        • fish operator command
        • fish result command
        • fish structure command
        • fish trace command
      • FISH Functions
        • creep process utilities
          • creep.active
          • creep.cycle
          • creep.safety.factor
          • creep.solve
          • creep.step
          • creep.time.total
          • creep.timestep
          • creep.timestep.given
          • creep.timestep.max
        • dynamic process utilities
          • dynamic.active
          • dynamic.cycle
          • dynamic.safety.factor
          • dynamic.solve
          • dynamic.step
          • dynamic.time.total
          • dynamic.timestep
          • dynamic.timestep.given
          • dynamic.timestep.max
        • file utilities
          • file.all
          • file.close
          • file.delete
          • file.end
          • file.exist
          • file.name
          • file.open
          • file.open.check
          • file.pos
          • file.read
          • file.rename
          • file.size
          • file.write
        • fluid process utilities
          • fluid.active
          • fluid.cycle
          • fluid.safety.factor
          • fluid.solve
          • fluid.step
          • fluid.time.total
          • fluid.timestep
          • fluid.timestep.given
          • fluid.timestep.max
        • global utilities
          • global.cycle
          • global.deterministic
          • global.dim
          • global.fos
          • global.gravity
          • global.step
          • global.threads
          • global.timestep
          • global.title
        • io utilities
          • io.dialog.in
          • io.dialog.message
          • io.dialog.notify
          • io.in
          • io.input
          • io.out
        • mail utilities
          • mail.account
          • mail.attachment.add
          • mail.attachment.delete
          • mail.body
          • mail.clear
          • mail.domain
          • mail.from
          • mail.host
          • mail.password
          • mail.port
          • mail.recipient.add
          • mail.recipient.delete
          • mail.send
          • mail.subject
        • math utilities
          • math.aangle.to.euler
          • math.abs
          • math.acos
          • math.and
          • math.area.intersect.poly.poly
          • math.area.poly
          • math.asin
          • math.atan
          • math.atan2
          • math.bound
          • math.ceiling
          • math.choose
          • math.closest.segment.point
          • math.closest.triangle.point
          • math.cos
          • math.cosh
          • math.cross
          • math.ddir.from.normal
          • math.degrad
          • math.dip.from.normal
          • math.dist.segment.point
          • math.dist.segment.segment
          • math.dist.triangle.segment
          • math.dot
          • math.erf
          • math.erfc
          • math.euler.to.aangle
          • math.exp
          • math.expint
          • math.floor
          • math.gamma
          • math.in.range
          • math.ln
          • math.log
          • math.lshift
          • math.mag
          • math.mag2
          • math.max
          • math.min
          • math.normal.from.dip
          • math.normal.from.dip.ddir
          • math.not
          • math.or
          • math.outer.product
          • math.pi
          • math.random.gauss
          • math.random.uniform
          • math.round
          • math.rshift
          • math.sgn
          • math.sin
          • math.sinh
          • math.sqrt
          • math.tan
          • math.tanh
          • math.triangle.inside
          • math.triangle.interp
          • math.unit
        • mechanical process utilities
          • mech.active
          • mech.cycle
          • mech.safety.factor
          • mech.solve
          • mech.step
          • mech.time.total
          • mech.timestep
          • mech.timestep.given
          • mech.timestep.max
        • socket utilities
          • socket.close
          • socket.create
          • socket.delete
          • socket.open
          • socket.read
          • socket.read.array
          • socket.write
          • socket.write.array
        • system utilities
          • system.beep
          • system.clone
          • system.command
          • system.directory
          • system.directory.absolute
          • system.directory.create
          • system.directory.current
          • system.directory.delete
          • system.directory.list
          • system.directory.relative
          • system.environment
          • system.error
          • system.os
          • system.sleep
        • thermal process utilities
          • thermal.active
          • thermal.age
          • thermal.cycle
          • thermal.safety.factor
          • thermal.solve
          • thermal.step
          • thermal.time.analytical
          • thermal.timestep
          • thermal.timestep.given
          • thermal.timestep.max
        • time utilities
          • time.clock
          • time.cpu
          • time.kernel
          • time.real
        • Value Type utilities
          • array utilities
            • array.copy
            • array.delete
            • array.dim
            • array.size
          • Constructors
            • array
            • boolean
            • false
            • float
            • index
            • int
            • list
            • map
            • matrix
            • null
            • string
            • tensor
            • true
            • vector
          • list utilities
            • list.append
            • list.at
            • list.concatenate
            • list.count
            • list.create
            • list.extend
            • list.find.index
            • list.insert
            • list.insert.list
            • list.max
            • list.min
            • list.prepend
            • list.range
            • list.resize
            • list.reverse
            • list.separate
            • list.sequence
            • list.size
            • list.sort
            • list.sum
          • map utilities
            • map.add
            • map.add.list
            • map.has
            • map.keys
            • map.merge
            • map.remove
            • map.size
            • map.value
            • map.value.all
          • matrix utilities
            • matrix.cols
            • matrix.det
            • matrix.from.axis.angle
            • matrix.from.euler
            • matrix.identity
            • matrix.inverse
            • matrix.lubksb
            • matrix.ludcmp
            • matrix.rows
            • matrix.to.axis.angle
            • matrix.to.euler
            • matrix.transpose
          • memory utilities
            • memory
            • memory.create
            • memory.delete
            • memory.fortran.float
            • memory.fortran.index
            • memory.fortran.integer
            • memory.offset
            • memory.size
          • string utilities
            • string.build
            • string.compare
            • string.csv.from
            • string.csv.to
            • string.file.ext
            • string.file.name
            • string.file.path
            • string.find
            • string.find.regex
            • string.join
            • string.len
            • string.lower
            • string.match.regex
            • string.replace
            • string.replace.regex
            • string.simplify
            • string.split
            • string.split.regex
            • string.sub
            • string.token
            • string.token.type
            • string.type
            • string.upper
          • structure utilities
            • structure.check
            • structure.name
            • structure.from.map
          • tensor utilities
            • tensor.i2
            • tensor.j2
            • tensor.prin
            • tensor.prin.dir
            • tensor.prin.from
            • tensor.total
            • tensor.trace
          • type utilities
            • type
            • type.index
            • type.name
            • type.pointer
            • type.pointer.id
            • type.pointer.name
        • version utilities
          • code.name
          • version.code.major
          • version.code.minor
          • version.fish.major
          • version.fish.minor
      • FISH Type Index
    • Python Scripting
      • Python Introduction
        • Introduction to Python Programming
          • IPython Console
          • Basic Types
          • Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries
          • Tuples
          • Dictionaries
          • Defining Functions
          • Error Handling in Python.
          • Object-Oriented Programming
          • Interactive Documentation
          • Example File
            • basic_python.py
        • Frequently Asked Questions
          • Which Python extension modules are supported?
          • Can I use other Python extension modules with PFC or FLAC3D or 3DEC?
          • Is Python faster?
          • Can I use the IPython Notebook (or Jupyter) with Itasca Software?
      • 3DEC Python
        • Using Python with 3DEC
          • Working with 3DEC block
          • Working with 3DEC Zone
          • Working with 3DEC vertex
          • Working with Contact and Subcontact
          • Extra variables
          • Using 3DEC Groups
          • Running parameter studies
          • Handling 3DEC errors
          • Python Type System
          • Python Callback Functions
          • Example File
            • python_3dec.py
        • 3DEC-Python API
          • block
            • Block
            • contact
              • Contact
            • contactarray
            • face
              • Face
            • facearray
            • gridpoint
              • Gridpoint
            • gridpointarray
            • subcontact
              • Subcontact
            • subcontactarray
            • zone
              • Zone
            • zonearray
          • blockarray
          • flowknot
            • Flowknot
          • flowknotarray
          • flowplane
            • Flowplane
            • vertex
              • Vertex
            • vertexarray
            • zone
              • Zone
            • zonearray
          • flowplanearray
          • sel
            • beam
              • Beam
            • beamarray
            • cable
              • Cable
            • cablearray
            • liner
              • Liner
            • linerarray
            • node
              • Node
            • nodearray
            • reinforcement
              • Reinforcement
            • reinforcementarray
      • FLAC3D Python
        • Using Python with FLAC3D
          • Working with FLAC3D Zones
          • Working with FLAC3D Zones Properties
          • Working with FLAC3D gridpoints
          • Working with Structural Elements
          • Extra variables
          • Using FLAC3D Groups and Applying Boundary Conditions
          • Running parameter studies
          • Handling FLAC3D errors
          • Inspecting the FLAC3D model geometry
          • Python Type System
          • Python Callback Functions
          • Example File
            • python_flac3d.py
        • Array Style Programming with FLAC3D and NumPy
          • Zone array functions
          • Mask Arrays
          • FLAC3D Groups and Mask Arrays
          • Gridpoint Array Functions
          • FLAC3D Model Geometry Array Data
          • Example File
            • flac3d_array_interface.py
        • Recording Peak Particle Velocity
          • Saving and Restoring Python Data in FLAC3D Save Files
          • Data analysis using numpy and matplotlib
          • Example File
            • ppv.py
        • FLAC3D-Python API
          • attach
            • Attach
          • gridpoint
            • Gridpoint
          • gridpointarray
          • vertexarray
          • zone
            • Zone
          • zonearray
      • PFC Python
        • Using Python with PFC
          • Python Type System
          • Python Callback Functions
          • Example File
            • python_pfc.py
        • Array Style Programming with PFC and NumPy
          • Scalar Arrays
          • Multidimensional Arrays
          • Ball Creation
          • Example File
            • array_interface.py
        • UCS Test With Imported Geometry
          • Example File
            • test_ucs.py
        • Using SciPy and Other Third-party Python Packages
          • Example File
            • using_scipy.py
        • GUI Programming with PySide
          • Example File
            • gui_example.py
        • PFC-Python API
          • BallBallContact
          • BallBallThermalContact
          • BallFacetContact
          • BallFacetThermalContact
          • BallPebbleContact
          • BallPebbleThermalContact
          • BallRBlockContact
          • PebbleFacetContact
          • PebbleFacetThermalContact
          • PebblePebbleContact
          • PebblePebbleThermalContact
          • PebbleRBlockContact
          • RBlockFacetContact
          • RBlockRBlockContact
          • ball
            • Ball
            • cfd
              • CFDBall
            • thermal
              • ThermalBall
          • ballarray
          • ballballarray
          • ballfacetarray
          • ballpebblearray
          • ballrblockarray
          • cfdarray
          • clump
            • Clump
            • cfd
              • CFDClump
              • pebble
            • pebble
              • Pebble
            • template
              • Template
            • thermal
              • ThermalClump
              • pebble
          • clumparray
          • contact
            • Contact
          • element
            • cfd
              • CFDElement
          • facetarray
          • measure
            • Measure
          • pebblearray
          • pebblefacetarray
          • pebblepebblearray
          • pebblerblockarray
          • rblock
            • RBlock
            • template
              • Template
          • rblockarray
          • rblockfacetarray
          • rblockrblockarray
          • wall
            • Wall
            • facet
              • Facet
            • thermal
              • ThermalWall
              • facet
            • vertex
              • Vertex
          • wallarray
      • Itasca (Common) API
        • itasca
          • BallBallContact
          • BallBallThermalContact
          • BallFacetContact
          • BallFacetThermalContact
          • BallPebbleContact
          • BallPebbleThermalContact
          • BallRBlockContact
          • PebbleFacetContact
          • PebbleFacetThermalContact
          • PebblePebbleContact
          • PebblePebbleThermalContact
          • PebbleRBlockContact
          • RBlockFacetContact
          • RBlockRBlockContact
          • attach
            • Attach
          • ball
            • Ball
            • cfd
              • CFDBall
            • thermal
              • ThermalBall
          • ballarray
          • ballballarray
          • ballfacetarray
          • ballpebblearray
          • ballrblockarray
          • block
            • Block
            • contact
              • Contact
            • contactarray
            • face
              • Face
            • facearray
            • gridpoint
              • Gridpoint
            • gridpointarray
            • subcontact
              • Subcontact
            • subcontactarray
            • zone
              • Zone
            • zonearray
          • blockarray
          • cfdarray
          • clump
            • Clump
            • cfd
              • CFDClump
              • pebble
            • pebble
              • Pebble
            • template
              • Template
            • thermal
              • ThermalClump
              • pebble
          • clumparray
          • contact
            • Contact
          • dfn
            • DFN
            • fracture
              • Fracture
            • inter
              • Inter
            • setinter
              • Setinter
            • template
              • Template
            • vertex
              • Vertex
          • element
            • cfd
              • CFDElement
          • facetarray
          • fish
          • flowknot
            • Flowknot
          • flowknotarray
          • flowplane
            • Flowplane
            • vertex
              • Vertex
            • vertexarray
            • zone
              • Zone
            • zonearray
          • flowplanearray
          • gridpoint
            • Gridpoint
          • gridpointarray
          • history
            • History
          • interface
            • Interface
            • element
              • Element
            • node
              • Node
          • interfacearray
          • interfaceelementarray
          • interfacenodearray
          • measure
            • Measure
          • pebblearray
          • pebblefacetarray
          • pebblepebblearray
          • pebblerblockarray
          • rblock
            • RBlock
            • template
              • Template
          • rblockarray
          • rblockfacetarray
          • rblockrblockarray
          • sel
            • beam
              • Beam
            • beamarray
            • cable
              • Cable
            • cablearray
            • liner
              • Liner
            • linerarray
            • node
              • Node
            • nodearray
            • reinforcement
              • Reinforcement
            • reinforcementarray
          • structure
            • Beam
            • Cable
            • Geogrid
            • Liner
            • Pile
            • Shell
            • link
              • Link
            • node
              • Node
          • util
            • FLAC3D_Connection
            • FLAC_Connection
            • FishBinaryReader
            • FishBinaryWriter
            • PFC2D_Connection
            • PFC3D_Connection
            • UDECFishBinaryReader
            • UDECFishBinaryWriter
            • UDEC_Connection
            • p2pLinkClient
            • p2pLinkServer
          • vertexarray
          • wall
            • Wall
            • facet
              • Facet
            • thermal
              • ThermalWall
              • facet
            • vertex
              • Vertex
          • wallarray
          • zone
            • Zone
          • zonearray
        • vec
          • stens2
          • stens3
          • tens3
          • vec2
          • vec3
  • FLAC3D
    • FLAC3D Modeling
      • Introduction
        • Overview
          • The Lagrangian Finite Volume Grid
          • Nomenclature
        • FLAC3D Features
          • Features
          • Optional Features
          • Modeling Physical Processes and Interactions
          • New Features in Version 7.0
          • New Features in Version 6.0
        • Comparison with Other Methods
        • Fields of Application
        • Guide to the FLAC3D Documentation
          • User Support
        • About Itasca Consulting Group Inc.
      • Tutorials
        • Tutorial: Quick Start
        • Tutorial: Illustrative Model — Mechanics of Using FLAC3D
          • Create a New Project
            • In the Interface
          • Generate the Grid
            • Further Discussion: Meshing With Primitives
            • In the Interface
          • Create Model Groups
            • Further Discussion: Model Groups
            • In the Interface
          • Specifying Models, Boundaries, and Initial Conditions
            • Further Discussion: Assigning a Constitutive Model
            • Further Discussion: Applying Boundary Conditions
            • Further Discussion: Specifying Initial Conditions
          • Step to Equilibrium
            • Further Discussion: Step to Equilibrium
            • In the Interface
          • Alter Model: Excavation
            • Further Discussion: Performing Alterations
          • Examine Model: Plotting
            • In the Interface
          • Further Alterations: Support
            • Further Discussion: Using Save/Restore and Staged Modeling
          • Project Finishing
            • In the Interface: Finishing
        • Tutorial: Working with FISH
          • Defining a FISH Function
          • Variables
          • Using FISH for Custom Calculations
          • FISH Rules, Syntax, and Statements, Illustrated
          • Lists
          • Maps, and Arrays
          • List Splitting and Filtering
          • FISH Automatic-Create
          • Further Information
      • Problem Solving with FLAC3D
        • Approach and Project Setup
          • Modeling on a Spectrum
          • Recommended Steps
          • Start a Project
        • Grid Generation
          • Primitive-Based Grids
            • Overview of the Grid Primitives
            • Connecting Adjoining Primitive Shapes
            • Fitting the Grid to Simple Shapes
            • Grid Generation with FISH
          • Extrusion-Based Grids
            • Create a Set
            • Define the 2D Geometry
            • Zoning and Other Operations
            • Define the Extrusion
          • Building Blocks-Based Grids
            • Create a Building Blocks Set
            • Snap Blocks Together
            • Refinement Operations and Utilities
            • Zoning
          • Grids from Outside FLAC3D
            • Grids from Rhino/Griddle
          • Grid Generation: Additional Facilities
            • Densifying Grids
            • Geometry-Based Densification: Octree Meshing
            • Surface Topography and Layering
        • Identifying Regions of the Model
          • Groups and Slots
          • Using the Group Range Element
          • Select and Hide
          • Using the Model Pane
            • Objects in the Model Pane
            • Visualizing Objects
            • Selection
            • Groups
            • Additional Commands
        • Working with Geometric Data
          • Geometric Data
          • Geometry Visualization
          • Geometry Painting
          • Geometric Filtering - Geometry Range Elements
          • Geometry Data and Group Assignment
        • Choice of Constitutive Model
          • Overview of Constitutive Models
          • The Constitutive Models in FLAC3D
          • Selection of an Appropriate Model
          • The Effect of Water
          • Ways to Implement Constitutive Models
        • Material Properties
          • Intrinsic Deformability Properties
          • Intrinsic Strength Properties
          • Post-Failure Properties
          • Extrapolation to Field-Scale Properties
          • Spatial Variation and Randomness of Property Distribution
        • Boundary Conditions
          • Stress Boundary
            • Applied Stress Gradients
            • Changing Boundary Stress
            • Cautions and Advice
          • Displacement Boundary
            • Local System and Applied Velocities
            • Surface Corners and Velocity Boundaries
            • Fix vs Apply
            • Reaction Forces
            • Nonuniform Velocities
          • Real Boundaries — Choosing the Right Type
          • Artificial Boundaries
            • Symmetry Planes
            • Boundary Truncation
        • Initial Conditions
          • Uniform Stresses — No Gravity
          • Stresses with Gradients — Uniform Material
          • Stresses with Gradients — Nonuniform Material
          • Stress Initialization in a Nonuniform Material
          • Compaction within a Nonuniform Grid
          • Initial Stresses following a Model Change
          • Stress and Pore-Pressure Initialization with a Phreatic Surface
          • Initialization of Velocities
        • Reaching Equilibrium
          • Convergence Criteria
            • Maximum Out-of-Balance Force
            • Local Maximum Force Ratio
            • Average Force Ratio
            • Maximum Force Ratio
            • Convergence
            • Ratio
          • Choosing Convergence Criteria
          • Evaluating Equilibrium
            • Effects of Large Stiffness Differences
        • Loading and Sequential Modeling
          • Example: Loading on Three Tunnels
        • Structural Support
        • Interfaces
        • Tips and Advice
          • 1. Check Model Runtime
          • 2. Effects on Runtime
          • 3. Considerations for Zoning Density
          • 4. Automatic Detection of an Equilibrium State
          • 5. Considerations for Selecting Damping
          • 6. Check Model Response
          • 7. Initializing Variables
          • 8. Minimizing Transient Effects on Static Analysis
          • 9. Changing Material Models
          • 10. Running Problems with In-Situ Field Stresses and Gravity
          • 11. Determining Collapse Loads
          • 12. Determining Factor of Safety
          • 13. Use Bulk and Shear Moduli
          • FLAC3D Runtime Benchmark
        • Interpretation
          • Unbalanced Force and Convergence
          • Gridpoint Velocities
          • Plastic Indicators
          • Histories
        • Project Completion
        • References
    • FLAC3D Theory and Background
      • Theoretical Background
        • Formulation of a 3D Explicit Finite Volume Model
          • Mathematical Model Description
            • Conventions
            • Stress
            • Rate of Strain and Rate of Rotation
            • Equations of Motion and Equilibrium
            • Boundary and Initial Conditions
            • Constitutive Equations
          • Numerical Formulation
            • Finite Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
            • Nodal Formulation of the Equations of Motion
            • Explicit Finite Difference Approximation to Time Derivatives
            • Constitutive Equations in Incremental Form
            • Large- and Small-Strain Modes
            • Mechanical Timestep Determination for Numerical Stability
            • Mechanical Damping
              • Local Nonviscous Damping
              • Combined Damping
        • Grid Discretization
          • Mixed Discretization for a Hexahedral Grid
          • Nodal Mixed Discretization for a Tetrahedral Grid
        • Numerical Implementation
          • Body Discretization
          • Initial and Boundary Conditions
          • Main Calculation Steps
          • Strain-Rate Calculation
          • Stress Calculation
          • Nodal Mass Calculation
          • Out-of-Balance Force Calculation
          • Velocity and Displacement Calculations
          • Geometry Update Calculation
          • Energy Calculation in FLAC3D
        • References
      • Interfaces
        • General Comments
        • Formulation
        • Creation of Interface Geometry
        • Choice of Material Properties
          • Interface Used to Join Two Sub-grids
          • Real Interface — Slip and Separation Only
          • All Properties Have Physical Significance
        • Modeling Guidelines
          • Troubleshooting
          • Initial Stresses
          • Interface Corners
          • Overlapping Interfaces
          • Interfaces and Fluid Flow
          • Interfaces and Changing Interacting Objects in Small Strain
        • References
      • Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
        • FLAC3D Fluid-Thermal-Mechanical-Formulation — Mathematical Description
          • Conventions and Definitions
          • Governing Differential Equations
          • Fluid Flow Boundary and Initial Conditions in FLAC3D
        • Numerical Formulation
          • Saturated Fluid Flow
            • Finite-Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
            • Nodal Formulation of the Mass Balance Equation
            • Explicit Finite-Volume Formulation
            • Stability Criterion
            • Implicit Finite-Volume Formulation
            • Convergence Criterion
          • Saturated/Unsaturated Flow
          • Mechanical Timestep and Numerical Stability
          • Total Stress Correction
          • Fully Saturated Fast Flow
            • An Alternative Fast-Flow Algorithm
        • Calculation Modes for Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
          • Grid Not Configured for Fluid Flow
          • Grid Configured for Fluid Flow
        • Properties and Units for Fluid-Flow Analysis
          • Permeability Coefficient
          • Mass Density
          • Fluid Moduli
            • Biot Coefficient and Biot Modulus
            • Fluid Bulk Modulus
            • Fluid Moduli and Convergence
            • Fluid Moduli for Drained and Undrained Analyses
          • Porosity
          • Saturation
          • Undrained Thermal Coefficient
          • Fluid Tension Limit
        • Fluid-Flow Boundary Conditions, Initial Conditions, Sources and Sinks
        • Solving Flow-Only and Coupled-Flow Problems
          • Time Scales
          • Selection of a Modeling Approach for a Fully Coupled Analysis
            • Time Scale
            • Nature of Imposed Perturbation to the Coupled Process
            • Stiffness Ratio
            • Recommended Procedure to Select a Modeling Approach
          • Fixed Pore Pressure (Used in Effective Stress Calculation)
          • Flow-Only Calculation to Establish a Pore-Pressure Distribution
          • No Flow — Mechanical Generation of Pore Pressure
          • Coupled Flow and Mechanical Calculations
        • Verification Examples
          • Unsteady Groundwater Flow in a Confined Layer
          • One-Dimensional Filling of a Porous Region
          • Steady-State Fluid Flow with a Free Surface
          • Spreading of a Groundwater Mound
          • One-Dimensional Consolidation
          • Consolidation Settlement at the Center of a Strip Load
          • Transient Fluid Flow to a Well in a Shallow Confined Aquifer
          • Pressuremeter Test
          • Semi-confined Aquifer
        • Verification of Concepts, and Modeling Techniques for Specific Applications
          • Solid Weight, Buoyancy and Seepage Forces
            • A Simple Example Illustrating Solid Weight, Buoyancy and Seepage Forces
          • Pore Pressure Initialization and Deformation
            • Heave of a Soil Layer
          • Effect of the Biot Coefficient
            • Undrained Oedometer Test
            • Pore Pressure Generation in a Confined Sample
            • Pore Pressure Generation in an Infinite Layer
        • Input Instructions for Fluid-Flow Analysis
          • Fluid Commands
          • Fluid FISH Variables
          • Zone-Based Pore Pressure
        • References
    • FLAC3D Commands And FISH
      • Building-Blocks
        • The Building Blocks Pane
          • Pane Elements
          • Sets of Blocks
          • Sets of Geometric Data
          • Selection and Manipulation of Objects
          • Working With Geometric Data
          • Generating Zones or Blocks From Geometric Data
          • Adding Blocks
          • Splitting Blocks
          • Curved Edges and Control Points
          • Face Control Points
          • Hiding Blocks
          • Showing Blocks
          • Highlighting Groups
          • Validating the Model
          • Autozone
          • Generate Zones
          • Context Menu
          • Control Panel
          • Keyboard Reference
          • Handle Quick Reference
        • Commands
          • building-blocks block commands
            • building-blocks block create command
            • building-blocks block delete command
            • building-blocks block export command
            • building-blocks block group command
            • building-blocks block hide command
            • building-blocks block id command
            • building-blocks block import command
            • building-blocks block list command
            • building-blocks block make-hex-only command
            • building-blocks block multiplier command
            • building-blocks block snapon id command
            • building-blocks block transform command
          • building-blocks face commands
            • building-blocks face add-controls command
            • building-blocks face cycle command
            • building-blocks face delete command
            • building-blocks face drape command
            • building-blocks face group command
            • building-blocks face id command
            • building-blocks face list command
            • building-blocks face snapon id command
            • building-blocks face transform command
          • building-blocks edge commands
            • building-blocks edge add-controls command
            • building-blocks edge delete command
            • building-blocks edge drape command
            • building-blocks edge factor command
            • building-blocks edge group command
            • building-blocks edge id command
            • building-blocks edge list command
            • building-blocks edge ratio command
            • building-blocks edge ratio-isolate command
            • building-blocks edge size command
            • building-blocks edge snapon id command
            • building-blocks edge transform command
            • building-blocks edge type command
          • building-blocks point commands
            • building-blocks point delete command
            • building-blocks point drape command
            • building-blocks point group command
            • building-blocks point list command
            • building-blocks point merge command
            • building-blocks point move-to command
            • building-blocks point snapon id command
            • building-blocks point transform command
          • building-blocks set commands
            • building-blocks set arrest-triangle command
            • building-blocks set automatic-zone command
            • building-blocks set auto-tolerance command
            • building-blocks set break-angle command
            • building-blocks set create command
            • building-blocks set delete command
            • building-blocks set export command
            • building-blocks set geometry command
            • building-blocks set import command
            • building-blocks set list command
            • building-blocks set select command
            • building-blocks set tolerance command
            • building-blocks set validate-all command
        • FISH Functions
          • building_blocks.block Functions
            • building_blocks.block.ablock
            • building_blocks.block.center
            • building_blocks.block.check
            • building_blocks.block.edge
            • building_blocks.block.face
            • building_blocks.block.group
            • building_blocks.block.group.remove
            • building_blocks.block.isgroup
            • building_blocks.block.multiplier
            • building_blocks.block.point
            • building_blocks.block.size
          • building_blocks.face Functions
            • building_blocks.face.area
            • building_blocks.face.center
            • building_blocks.face.check
            • building_blocks.face.edge
            • building_blocks.face.flip
            • building_blocks.face.gridsizei
            • building_blocks.face.gridsizej
            • building_blocks.face.group
            • building_blocks.face.group.remove
            • building_blocks.face.isgroup
            • building_blocks.face.next.face
            • building_blocks.face.next.index
            • building_blocks.face.point
            • building_blocks.face.size
            • building_blocks.face.toglobal
            • building_blocks.face.tolocal
          • building_blocks.edge Functions
            • building_blocks.edge.center
            • building_blocks.edge.cp.add
            • building_blocks.edge.cp.delete
            • building_blocks.edge.cp.localu
            • building_blocks.edge.cp.point
            • building_blocks.edge.cp.size
            • building_blocks.edge.curve
            • building_blocks.edge.direction
            • building_blocks.edge.grid.ratio
            • building_blocks.edge.grid.ratio.isolate
            • building_blocks.edge.grid.size
            • building_blocks.edge.group
            • building_blocks.edge.group.remove
            • block.isgroup
            • building_blocks.edge.length
            • building_blocks.edge.next.edge
            • building_blocks.edge.next.index
            • building_blocks.edge.point
            • building_blocks.edge.start.face
            • building_blocks.edge.start.index
            • building_blocks.edge.toglobal
            • building_blocks.edge.tolocal
            • building_blocks.edge.type
          • building_blocks.point Functions
            • building_blocks.point.group
            • building_blocks.point.group.remove
            • building_blocks.point.isgroup
            • building_blocks.point.pos
            • building_blocks.point.start.edge
            • building_blocks.point.start.index
          • building_blocks.set Functions
            • building_blocks.set.block.create
            • building_blocks.set.block.find
            • building_blocks.set.block.list
            • building_blocks.set.block.remove
            • building_blocks.set.block.size
            • building_blocks.set.create
            • building_blocks.set.delete
            • building_blocks.set.edge.find
            • building_blocks.set.edge.list
            • building_blocks.set.edge.near
            • building_blocks.set.edge.size
            • building_blocks.set.face.find
            • building_blocks.set.face.list
            • building_blocks.set.face.near
            • building_blocks.set.face.size
            • building_blocks.set.find
            • building_blocks.set.id
            • building_blocks.set.list
            • building_blocks.set.name
            • building_blocks.set.point.find
            • building_blocks.set.point.list
            • building_blocks.set.point.near
            • building_blocks.set.point.size
      • Extrude
        • The Extrusion Pane
          • Pane Elements
          • Views
          • Operations in the Construction View
            • Creating Points and Edges
            • Edge Parameters
            • Edge Tools
            • Creating Blocks, Splitting and Deleting
            • Default Meshing Parameters
            • Object Properties
            • Object Selection
            • Background Images / Geometric Data
          • Operations in the Extrusion View
            • Extrusion Length and Stages
            • Object Selection
            • Object Properties
          • Automatic Zoning
          • Groups
          • Object Properties in General
          • Performing the Extrusion
          • Further Information
            • Extrusion Options
            • Undoing Operations
            • Using FISH
            • View Manipulation
            • Making a Circle
        • Commands
          • extrude block
            • create command
            • delete command
            • group command
            • id command
            • list command
            • multiplier command
            • position command
          • extrude edge
            • clear command
            • combine command
            • create command
            • delete command
            • group command
            • id command
            • length command
            • length-default command
            • list command
            • ratio command
            • ratio-isolate command
            • size command
            • size-default command
          • extrude mesh
            • gradation command
            • list command
            • mode command
            • optimization command
            • quad-weight command
            • reset command
            • shape-quality command
            • target-size command
            • type command
          • extrude point
            • create command
            • delete command
            • group command
            • id command
            • list command
            • transform command
          • extrude segment
            • add command
            • clear command
            • delete command
            • index command
            • list command
            • origin command
          • extrude set
            • automatic-validate command
            • automatic-zone command
            • clear command
            • delete command
            • list command
            • metadata command
            • select command
            • system command
            • update-polygons command
        • FISH Functions
          • block functions
            • extrude.block.area
            • extrude.block.block
            • extrude.block.center
            • extrude.block.check
            • extrude.block.countzones
            • extrude.block.edge
            • extrude.block.extra
            • extrude.block.find
            • extrude.block.flip
            • extrude.block.grid.pos
            • extrude.block.group
            • extrude.block.group.remove
            • extrude.block.id
            • extrude.block.irregular.typeid
            • extrude.block.isgroup
            • extrude.block.list
            • extrude.block.maxid
            • extrude.block.multiplier
            • extrude.block.next.block
            • extrude.block.next.index
            • extrude.block.nodes
            • extrude.block.num
            • extrude.block.param.pos
            • extrude.block.point
            • extrude.block.regular.typeid
            • extrude.block.size
            • extrude.block.typeid
            • extrude.block.zones.i
            • extrude.block.zones.j
          • edge functions
            • extrude.edge.blocked
            • extrude.edge.blocks
            • extrude.edge.center
            • extrude.edge.curve
            • extrude.edge.direction
            • extrude.edge.extra
            • extrude.edge.find
            • extrude.edge.grid.ratio
            • extrude.edge.grid.ratio.isolate
            • extrude.edge.grid.size
            • extrude.edge.gridpos
            • extrude.edge.group
            • extrude.edge.group.remove
            • extrude.edge.id
            • extrude.edge.isgroup
            • extrude.edge.length
            • extrude.edge.list
            • extrude.edge.maxid
            • extrude.edge.next.edge
            • extrude.edge.next.index
            • extrude.edge.num
            • extrude.edge.parampos
            • extrude.edge.point
            • extrude.edge.poly.add
            • extrude.edge.poly.localu
            • extrude.edge.poly.localv
            • extrude.edge.poly.point
            • extrude.edge.poly.remove
            • extrude.edge.poly.size
            • extrude.edge.simple
            • extrude.edge.start.block
            • extrude.edge.start.index
            • extrude.edge.type
            • extrude.edge.typeid
          • point functions
            • extrude.point.blocks
            • extrude.point.edges
            • extrude.point.extra
            • extrude.point.find
            • extrude.point.group
            • extrude.point.group.remove
            • extrude.point.id
            • extrude.point.isgroup
            • extrude.point.list
            • extrude.point.maxid
            • extrude.point.num
            • extrude.point.pos
            • extrude.point.start.edge
            • extrude.point.start.index
            • extrude.point.typeid
          • segment functions
            • extrude.segment.count
            • extrude.segment.grid.ratio
            • extrude.segment.grid.size
            • extrude.segment.group
            • extrude.segment.isgroup
            • extrude.segment.length
            • extrude.segment.node.add
            • extrude.segment.node.delete
            • extrude.segment.node.group
            • extrude.segment.node.isgroup
            • extrude.segment.node.pos
            • extrude.segment.node.removegroup
            • extrude.segment.removegroup
          • set functions
            • extrude.set.axis.n
            • extrude.set.axis.u
            • extrude.set.axis.v
            • extrude.set.badzones
            • extrude.set.block.create
            • extrude.set.block.delete
            • extrude.set.block.find
            • extrude.set.block.list
            • extrude.set.block.near
            • extrude.set.block.size
            • extrude.set.create
            • extrude.set.delete
            • extrude.set.edge.combine
            • extrude.set.edge.create
            • extrude.set.edge.delete
            • extrude.set.edge.find
            • extrude.set.edge.list
            • extrude.set.edge.near
            • extrude.set.edge.size
            • extrude.set.find
            • extrude.set.id
            • extrude.set.list
            • extrude.set.metadata.find
            • extrude.set.metadata.key
            • extrude.set.metadata.size
            • extrude.set.metadata.value
            • extrude.set.name
            • extrude.set.origin
            • extrude.set.point.create
            • extrude.set.point.delete
            • extrude.set.point.find
            • extrude.set.point.list
            • extrude.set.point.near
            • extrude.set.point.size
            • extrude.set.region.element.num
            • extrude.set.region.nodes
            • extrude.set.set.un
            • extrude.set.set.uv
            • extrude.set.set.vn
            • extrude.set.zone.autodir
            • extrude.set.zone.count2
            • extrude.set.zone.count3
            • extrude.set.zone.target.edge
            • extrude.set.zone.target.size
            • extrude.set.zone.target.total
      • Structural Elements
      • Zone
        • The Model Pane
          • Pane Elements
          • Selection
          • Showing and Hiding
          • Disambiguator
          • Automatic Grouping
          • Assigning a Group Name to a Selection
          • Densify Selected Zones
          • Creating a 2D Structural Element
          • Control Set: Color Labels
          • Control Set: Objects
          • Control Set: Range
          • Keyboard Reference
          • Options
        • Commands
          • zone commands
            • zone apply command
            • zone apply-remove command
            • zone attach command
            • zone cmodel command
            • zone copy command
            • zone create command
            • zone creep command
            • zone delete command
            • zone densify command
            • zone dynamic command
            • zone export command
            • zone fluid command
            • zone generate command
            • zone geometry-test command
            • zone geometry-tolerance command
            • zone geometry-update command
            • zone group command
            • zone hide command
            • zone history command
            • zone import command
            • zone initialize command
            • zone initialize-stresses command
            • zone list command
            • zone mechanical command
            • zone nodal-mixed-discretization command
            • zone property command
            • zone property-distribution command
            • zone ratio command
            • zone reflect command
            • zone relax command
            • zone results command
            • zone select command
            • zone separate command
            • zone split command
            • zone thermal command
            • zone trace command
            • zone validate command
            • zone vtk command
            • zone water command
          • zone face commands
            • zone face apply command
            • zone face apply-remove command
            • zone face group command
            • zone face hide command
            • zone face list command
            • zone face select command
            • zone face skin command
            • zone face westergaard command
            • zone face westergaard-remove command
          • zone gridpoint commands
            • zone gridpoint create command
            • zone gridpoint fix command
            • zone gridpoint force-reaction command
            • zone gridpoint free command
            • zone gridpoint group command
            • zone gridpoint import command
            • zone gridpoint initialize command
            • zone gridpoint list command
            • zone gridpoint merge command
            • zone gridpoint system command
          • zone interface commands
            • zone interface tolerance-contact command
            • zone interface create command
            • zone interface effective command
            • zone interface element command
            • zone interface group command
            • zone interface list command
            • zone interface node command
            • zone interface permeability command
        • FISH Functions
          • attach functions
            • attach.create
            • attach.delete
            • attach.extra
            • attach.find
            • attach.group
            • attach.group.remove
            • attach.id
            • attach.isgroup
            • attach.list
            • attach.master
            • attach.master.face
            • attach.master.zone
            • attach.maxid
            • attach.num
            • attach.pos
            • attach.slave
            • attach.snap
            • attach.type
            • attach.typeid
            • attach.weight.edge
            • attach.weight.face
          • zone.face functions
            • zone.face.area
            • zone.face.extra
            • zone.face.find
            • zone.face.find.normal
            • zone.face.gp
            • zone.face.group
            • zone.face.group.remove
            • zone.face.isgroup
            • zone.face.normal
            • zone.face.pos
            • zone.face.size
          • zone.field functions (zone field data)
            • zone.field.component
            • zone.field.extra
            • zone.field.get
            • zone.field.get.gp
            • zone.field.gravity
            • zone.field.hide.fluidnull
            • zone.field.hide.mechnull
            • zone.field.hide.thermnull
            • zone.field.index
            • zone.field.init
            • zone.field.log
            • zone.field.method.index
            • zone.field.method.name
            • zone.field.name
            • zone.field.power
            • zone.field.prop
            • zone.field.quantity
            • zone.field.radius.ratio
            • zone.field.reset
            • zone.field.source
            • zone.field.tol
            • zone.field.type
            • zone.field.velocity.limit
          • gp functions (zone gridpoints)
            • gp.accel
            • gp.biot.modulus
            • gp.convergence
            • gp.copy
            • gp.create
            • gp.delete
            • gp.disp
            • gp.disp.small
            • gp.dynamic.mul
            • gp.dynamic.timestep
            • gp.extra
            • gp.find
            • gp.find.name
            • gp.fix
            • gp.flow
            • gp.fluid.app
            • gp.fluid.load
            • gp.fluid.modulus
            • gp.fluid.modulus.confined
            • gp.fluid.tension
            • gp.fluid.unbal
            • gp.fluid.vol.inv
            • gp.flux
            • gp.force.app
            • gp.force.load
            • gp.force.unbal
            • gp.force.unbal.add
            • gp.force.unbal.current
            • gp.group
            • gp.group.remove
            • gp.head
            • gp.id
            • gp.isgroup
            • gp.list
            • gp.mass.add
            • gp.mass.gravity
            • gp.mass.inertial
            • gp.maxid
            • gp.multiplier
            • gp.name
            • gp.near
            • gp.near.all
            • gp.near.live
            • gp.next
            • gp.num
            • gp.pos
            • gp.pp
            • gp.pp.fix
            • gp.ratio
            • gp.ratio.target
            • gp.sat
            • gp.state.restore
            • gp.state.save
            • gp.stiff
            • gp.temp
            • gp.temp.app
            • gp.temp.change
            • gp.temp.fix
            • gp.temp.source
            • gp.typeid
            • gp.vel
            • gp.zones
            • interface.node.head
            • interface.node.list
          • interface functions (zone interfaces)
            • interface.find
            • interface.group
            • interface.group.remove
            • interface.head
            • interface.id
            • interface.isgroup
            • interface.list
            • interface.name
            • interface.next
          • interface.elem functions (zone interface elements)
            • interface.elem.area
            • interface.elem.extra
            • interface.elem.group
            • interface.elem.group.remove
            • interface.elem.head
            • interface.elem.host.face
            • interface.elem.host.zone
            • interface.elem.id
            • interface.elem.isgroup
            • interface.elem.join
            • interface.elem.list
            • interface.elem.next
            • interface.elem.normal
            • interface.elem.vertex
          • interface.node functions (zone interface nodes)
            • interface.node.area
            • interface.node.disp
            • interface.node.disp.shear
            • interface.node.extra
            • interface.node.find
            • interface.node.group
            • interface.node.group.remove
            • interface.node.head
            • interface.node.host.face
            • interface.node.host.weight
            • interface.node.host.zone
            • interface.node.id
            • interface.node.isgroup
            • interface.node.list
            • interface.node.near
            • interface.node.next
            • interface.node.normal
            • interface.node.penetration
            • interface.node.position
            • interface.node.pp
            • interface.node.prop
            • interface.node.slip
            • interface.node.state
            • interface.node.stress.normal
            • interface.node.stress.normal.add
            • interface.node.stress.shear
            • interface.node.target.face
            • interface.node.target.weight
            • interface.node.target.zone
            • interface.node.tol
            • interface.node.vel
          • zone.tet functions (zone tetra)
            • zone.tetra.gp
            • zone.tetra.num
            • zone.tetra.smallest.vol
            • zone.tetra.strain.increment
            • zone.tetra.strain.rate
            • zone.tetra.stress
          • zone functions
            • zone.aspect
            • zone.bad
            • zone.code
            • zone.condition
            • zone.containing
            • zone.copy
            • zone.create.gp
            • zone.create.interface.elem
            • zone.create.pos
            • zone.create.ratio
            • zone.creep.time.total
            • zone.creep.timestep
            • zone.cycle.init
            • zone.density
            • zone.dynamic.mul
            • zone.dynamic.time.total
            • zone.dynamic.timestep
            • zone.extra
            • zone.find
            • zone.flow
            • zone.fluid.density
            • zone.fluid.model
            • zone.fluid.prop
            • zone.fluid.prop.index
            • zone.fluid.ratio
            • zone.fluid.stress.normal
            • zone.fluid.time.total
            • zone.fluid.unbal.avg
            • zone.fluid.unbal.max
            • zone.flux
            • zone.force.update
            • zone.geom.test
            • zone.gp
            • zone.gp.num
            • zone.group
            • zone.group.remove
            • zone.head
            • zone.hysteretic
            • zone.id
            • zone.inbox
            • zone.isgroup
            • zone.islive
            • zone.join
            • zone.list
            • zone.maxid
            • zone.mech.convergence
            • zone.mech.prop.name
            • zone.mech.prop.num
            • zone.mech.ratio
            • zone.mech.ratio
            • zone.mech.ratio.local
            • zone.mech.ratio
            • zone.model
            • zone.model.init
            • zone.near
            • zone.near.all
            • zone.near.list
            • zone.near.live
            • zone.near.map
            • zone.next
            • zone.num
            • zone.ortho
            • zone.overlays
            • zone.planarity
            • zone.plane.traction
            • zone.pos
            • zone.pp
            • zone.prop
            • zone.prop.index
            • zone.rotation.inc
            • zone.rotation.rate
            • zone.state
            • zone.state.restore
            • zone.state.save
            • zone.strain.inc
            • zone.strain.rate
            • zone.strain.shear.inc
            • zone.strain.shear.rate
            • zone.strain.vol.inc
            • zone.strain.vol.rate
            • zone.stress
            • zone.stress.effective
            • zone.stress.int
            • zone.stress.max
            • zone.stress.min
            • zone.stress.prin
            • zone.temp
            • zone.test.quality
            • zone.thermal.model
            • zone.thermal.prop
            • zone.thermal.prop.index
            • zone.thermal.ratio
            • zone.thermal.time.total
            • zone.typeid
            • zone.unbal
            • zone.vol
            • zone.vol.deformed
            • zone.was.updated
            • zone.work.elastic.shear
            • zone.work.elastic.total
            • zone.work.elastic.vol
            • zone.work.plastic.shear
            • zone.work.plastic.total
            • zone.work.plastic.vol
        • Orientation of Nodes and Faces within a Zone
        • Condition Measure of Zones
        • Zone Field Data Names
          • Zone Field Quantity Names
          • Strength-Stress Ratio
    • Options
      • C++ Option
        • Writing New Constitutive Models
          • Methodology
            • Base Class for Constitutive Models
            • Member Functions
            • Registration of Models
            • Information Passed between Model and Program during Cycling
            • State Indicators of Zones
          • Implementation
            • Utility Structures
            • Example Constitutive Model
              • initialize() and run() functions
            • FISH Support for Constitutive Models
            • Creating User-Written Model DLLs
              • Using the Template
            • Loading and Running User-Written Model DLLs
        • Programmer’s Interface
      • Creep Option for FLAC3D
      • Dynamic Analysis
        • Relation to Equivalent-Linear Methods
          • Characteristics of Equivalent-Linear Method
          • Characteristics of Fully Nonlinear Method
          • Applications of the Fully Nonlinear Method in Dynamic Analysis
        • Dynamic Formulation
          • Dynamic Timestep
          • Dynamic Multi-stepping
            • Shear Wave On Stiff Wall In Soft Soil: Dynamic Multi-Stepping
        • Dynamic Modeling Considerations
          • Dynamic Loading and Boundary Conditions
            • Application of Dynamic Input
              • Shear Wave Propagation in a Vertical Bar
            • Baseline Correction
            • Quiet Boundaries
            • Free-Field Boundaries
              • Shear Wave Loading of a Model with Free-Field Boundaries
            • Deconvolution and Selection of Dynamic Boundary Conditions
          • Hydrodynamic Pressures
            • Hydrodynamic Pressure Acting on a Dam
          • Wave Transmission
            • Accurate Wave Propagation
            • Filtering
          • Mechanical Damping and Material Response
            • Rayleigh Damping
            • Example Application of Rayleigh Damping
              • Block Under Gravity — Examining Damping Options
            • Guidelines for Selecting Rayleigh Damping Parameters
            • Hysteretic Damping
            • Hysteretic Damping Formulation, Implementation, and Calibration
              • Formulation
              • Implementation
              • Calibration of Degradation Curves
              • Simple Application
              • Observations
            • Practical Issues When Using Hysteretic Damping
            • Local Damping for Dynamic Simulations
            • Spatial Variation in Damping
              • Spatial Variation in Damping
            • Structural Element Damping for Dynamic Simulations
              • Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam
            • Artificial Viscosity
              • Example: Artificial Wave with Sharp Front
            • Integration of Damping Schemes and Nonlinear Material Models for Geo-materials
              • Natural Damping with the Mohr-Coulomb Model
              • Hysteretic Damping with the Linear Elastic Model
              • Hysteretic Damping with the Mohr-Coulomb Model
        • Liquefaction Modeling
          • Finn Model*
          • P2PSand Model*
          • Comprehensive Liquefaction Constitutive Models
          • Shaking Table Test with Finn Model: Simulation of the Liquefaction of a Layer
          • Cyclic Undrained DSS Tests with P2PSand Model
        • Solving Dynamic Problems
          • Procedure for Dynamic Mechanical Simulations: Dam Foundation
          • Procedure for Dynamic Coupled Mechanical/Groundwater Simulations: Dam Foundation Wet
          • Recommended Steps for Seismic Analyses
        • Verification Problems
          • Natural Periods of an Elastic Column
          • Comparison of FLAC3D to SHAKE for a Layered, Linear-Elastic Soil Deposit
          • Comparison of FLAC3D to SHAKE for a Layered, Nonlinear-Elastic Soil Deposit
          • Slip Induced by Harmonic Shear Wave
          • Hollow Sphere Subject to an Internal Blast
          • Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam
        • Dynamic Input Wizard
          • Step 1: Import Data File into the Wizard
          • Step 2: Filtering
          • Step 3: Baseline Correction
          • Step 4: Export Data for Dynamic Analysis
        • References
      • Thermal Analysis
        • Thermal Analysis
          • Mathematical Model Description
            • Conventions and Definitions
            • Conduction
              • Energy-Balance Equation
              • Transport Law
              • Boundary and Initial Conditions
              • Mechanical Coupling — Thermal Strains
              • Fluid Coupling — Thermally Induced Pore Pressures
            • Advection
              • Energy Balance for Convective-Diffusive Heat Transport
              • Fluid Mass Balance (Slightly Compressible Fluid)
              • Transport Laws
              • Thermal-Mechanical-Pore Pressure Coupling
              • Initial and Boundary Conditions
          • Numerical Formulation
            • Conduction
              • Finite-Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
              • Nodal Formulation of the Energy-Balance Equation
              • Explicit Finite-Volume Formulation
              • Implicit Finite-Volume Formulation
              • Thermal-Stress Coupling
              • Thermal Pore-Pressure Coupling
            • Advection
              • Stability and Accuracy
          • Solving Thermal-Only and Coupled-Thermal Problems
            • Thermal Conduction-Only Analysis
            • Thermal Advection-Only Analysis
              • Steady-State Conduction Solution
              • Forced Advection and Free Advection Simulations
              • Synchronization of Fluid and Thermal Times
            • Thermal-Mechanical Analysis
            • Thermal Coupling to Pore Pressure
          • Input Instructions for Thermal Analysis
            • Thermal Commands
            • Thermal FISH Variables
            • Zone-Based Temperature
          • Systems of Units for Thermal Analysis
          • Verification and Example Problems
            • Conduction in a Plane Sheet
            • Conduction in a Hollow Cylinder
            • Infinite Line Heat Source in an Infinite Medium
            • Thermal Pore Pressure Coupled Response
            • One-Dimensional Solution of Thermal Transport by Forced Convection and Conduction
            • Steady-State Convection in a Saturated Porous Medium Heated from Above
            • Steady-State Convection in a Saturated Porous Medium Heated from Below
          • References
        • Hydration
          • Hydration Model Description
            • Hydration-Drucker-Prager Model
          • Hydration Commands
          • Hydration Example Problems
            • Concrete Inclusion in an Elastic Medium
            • Concrete Wall on Elastic Base Plate
          • References
    • Examples
      • Tutorials
        • Tutorial: Quick Start
        • Tutorial: Illustrative Model — Mechanics of Using FLAC3D
          • Create a New Project
            • In the Interface
          • Generate the Grid
            • Further Discussion: Meshing With Primitives
            • In the Interface
          • Create Model Groups
            • Further Discussion: Model Groups
            • In the Interface
          • Specifying Models, Boundaries, and Initial Conditions
            • Further Discussion: Assigning a Constitutive Model
            • Further Discussion: Applying Boundary Conditions
            • Further Discussion: Specifying Initial Conditions
          • Step to Equilibrium
            • Further Discussion: Step to Equilibrium
            • In the Interface
          • Alter Model: Excavation
            • Further Discussion: Performing Alterations
          • Examine Model: Plotting
            • In the Interface
          • Further Alterations: Support
            • Further Discussion: Using Save/Restore and Staged Modeling
          • Project Finishing
            • In the Interface: Finishing
        • Tutorial: Working with FISH
          • Defining a FISH Function
          • Variables
          • Using FISH for Custom Calculations
          • FISH Rules, Syntax, and Statements, Illustrated
          • Lists
          • Maps, and Arrays
          • List Splitting and Filtering
          • FISH Automatic-Create
          • Further Information
      • Verification Problems
        • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Material
        • Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Hoek-Brown Medium
        • Rough Strip Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
        • Smooth Circular Footing on an Associated Mohr-Coulomb Material
        • Smooth Square Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
        • Uniaxial Compressive Strength of a Jointed Material Sample
        • Drained and Undrained Triaxial Compression Test on a Cam-Clay Sample
        • Lined Circular Tunnel in an Elastic Medium with Anisotropic Stresses
        • Development of Plastic Hinges in a Statically Loaded Beam
        • Simply Supported Isotropic Rectangular Plate under Combined Lateral and Direct Loads
        • Simply Supported Orthotropic Plate
        • Cylindrical Concrete Vault
        • Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam
        • Simple Slope in Hoek-Brown Material
      • Example Applications
        • Influence of Slope Curvature on Stability
        • Pillar Loads at Intersecting Tunnels
        • Excavation in a Saturated Soil
        • One-Dimensional Consolidation Considering Secondary Compression
        • Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel
        • Grid Generation for Intersecting Tunnels
        • Pressurized Cylindrical Cavern
        • Prediction of Borehole Closure in a Salt Formation
        • Axial and Lateral Loading of a Concrete Pile
        • Undrained Cylindrical Cavity Expansion in a Cam-Clay Medium
        • Simulation of Pull-Tests for Fully Bonded Rock Reinforcement
        • Wheel Load over a Buried Pipe
        • Embankment Loading on a Cam-Clay Foundation
        • Impermeable Concrete Caisson Wall with Pretensioned Tiebacks
        • Dewatered Construction of a Braced Excavation
        • Installation of a Triple-Anchored Excavation Wall
        • Reinforced Tunnel Excavation
        • Subsidence above Horizontal Cut
        • Punch Indentation of a Bonded Material
        • Sleeved Triaxial Test of a Bonded Material
    • Index: FLAC3D Examples
    • Index: FLAC3D Commands
    • Index: FLAC3D FISH
    • Maps
      • Mapping Commands from Old to New FLAC3D Syntax
      • Mapping FISH from Old to New FLAC3D Syntax
  • PFC
    • Numerical Simulations with PFC
      • PFC Overview
        • The PFC Model
        • Distinct-Element Method
      • PFC Model Formulation
        • Model Components
        • Cycling
          • -10.0 - Validate Data Structures
          • 0.0 - Timestep Determination
          • 10.0 - Law of Motion
          • 15.0 - Body Coupling
          • 20.0 - Advance Time
          • 30.0 - Update Spatial Searching Data Structures
          • 35.0 - Create/delete Contacts
          • 40.0 - Force-displacement Law
          • 42.0 - Accumulate Deterministic Quantities
          • 45.0 - Contact Coupling
        • Energy and Dissipation Mechanisms in PFC
        • Material Modeling Support For PFC
        • Orientation Tracking
      • How to …
        • … set the model domain
        • … clean the model, and when it can be useful
        • … create particle assemblies
        • … setup and control boundary conditions
        • … control initial conditions
        • … select appropriate contact model(s)
        • … calibrate material behavior
        • … monitor a simulation
        • … solve to a target termination criterion
        • … perform sequential modeling
        • … insert custom operations in the calculation cycle
      • Release Notes
    • PFC Model Objects
      • Balls
        • Commands
          • ball accumulate-stress command
          • ball attribute command
          • ball clump command
          • ball create command
          • ball delete command
          • ball distribute command
          • ball export command
          • ball extra command
          • ball fix command
          • ball free command
          • ball generate command
          • ball group command
          • ball history command
          • ball initialize command
          • ball list command
          • ball property command
          • ball results command
          • ball tolerance command
          • ball trace command
          • ball tractions command
        • FISH Functions
          • ball.contact.list
          • ball.contact.list.all
          • ball.contactmap
          • ball.contactmap.all
          • ball.contactnum
          • ball.contactnum.all
          • ball.containing
          • ball.convergence
          • ball.create
          • ball.damp
          • ball.delete
          • ball.density
          • ball.disp
          • ball.energy
          • ball.euler
          • ball.extra
          • ball.find
          • ball.fix
          • ball.force.app
          • ball.force.contact
          • ball.force.unbal
          • ball.fragment
          • ball.group
          • ball.group.list
          • ball.group.remove
          • ball.groupmap
          • ball.id
          • ball.inbox
          • ball.inside
          • ball.isbonded
          • ball.isgroup
          • ball.isprop
          • ball.list
          • ball.mass
          • ball.mass.real
          • ball.maxid
          • ball.mech.convergence
          • ball.mech.ratio.avg
          • ball.mech.ratio.local
          • ball.mech.ratio.max
          • ball.mech.unbal.max
          • ball.moi
          • ball.moi.real
          • ball.moment.app
          • ball.moment.contact
          • ball.moment.unbal
          • ball.near
          • ball.num
          • ball.pos
          • ball.prop
          • ball.radius
          • ball.ratio
          • ball.ratio.target
          • ball.rotation
          • ball.spin
          • ball.stress
          • ball.stress.full
          • ball.typeid
          • ball.vel
          • ball.vol
      • Clumps
        • Commands
          • clump accumulate-stress command
          • clump attribute command
          • clump break command
          • clump create command
          • clump delete command
          • clump distribute command
          • clump export command
          • clump extra command
          • clump fix command
          • clump free command
          • clump generate command
          • clump group command
          • clump history command
          • clump initialize command
          • clump list command
          • clump order command
          • clump property command
          • clump replicate command
          • clump results command
          • clump rotate command
          • clump scale command
          • clump template command
          • clump tolerance command
          • clump trace command
        • FISH Functions
          • clump.addpebble
          • clump.calculate
          • clump.contact.list
          • clump.contact.list.all
          • clump.contactmap
          • clump.contactmap.all
          • clump.contactnum
          • clump.contactnum.all
          • clump.containing
          • clump.convergence
          • clump.damp
          • clump.delete
          • clump.deletepebble
          • clump.density
          • clump.disp
          • clump.energy
          • clump.euler
          • clump.extra
          • clump.find
          • clump.fix
          • clump.force.app
          • clump.force.contact
          • clump.force.unbal
          • clump.fragment
          • clump.group
          • clump.group.list
          • clump.group.remove
          • clump.groupmap
          • clump.id
          • clump.inbox
          • clump.inglobal
          • clump.inprin
          • clump.inside
          • clump.isbonded
          • clump.isgroup
          • clump.list
          • clump.mass
          • clump.mass.real
          • clump.maxid
          • clump.mech.convergence
          • clump.mech.ratio.avg
          • clump.mech.ratio.local
          • clump.mech.ratio.max
          • clump.mech.unbal.max
          • clump.moi
          • clump.moi.fix
          • clump.moi.prin
          • clump.moi.prin.real
          • clump.moi.real
          • clump.moment.app
          • clump.moment.contact
          • clump.moment.unbal
          • clump.near
          • clump.num
          • clump.pebble.clump
          • clump.pebble.contact.list
          • clump.pebble.contact.list.all
          • clump.pebble.contactmap
          • clump.pebble.contactmap.all
          • clump.pebble.contactnum
          • clump.pebble.contactnum.all
          • clump.pebble.delete
          • clump.pebble.extra
          • clump.pebble.find
          • clump.pebble.group
          • clump.pebble.group.list
          • clump.pebble.group.remove
          • clump.pebble.groupmap
          • clump.pebble.id
          • clump.pebble.inbox
          • clump.pebble.isbonded
          • clump.pebble.isgroup
          • clump.pebble.isprop
          • clump.pebble.list
          • clump.pebble.maxid
          • clump.pebble.near
          • clump.pebble.num
          • clump.pebble.pos
          • clump.pebble.prop
          • clump.pebble.radius
          • clump.pebble.typeid
          • clump.pebble.vel
          • clump.pebblelist
          • clump.pos
          • clump.prop
          • clump.ratio
          • clump.ratio.target
          • clump.rotate
          • clump.rotation
          • clump.scalesphere
          • clump.scalevol
          • clump.spin
          • clump.stress
          • clump.template
          • clump.template.addpebble
          • clump.template.clone
          • clump.template.delete
          • clump.template.deletepebble
          • clump.template.euler
          • clump.template.find
          • clump.template.findpebble
          • clump.template.list
          • clump.template.make
          • clump.template.maxid
          • clump.template.moi
          • clump.template.moi.prin
          • clump.template.name
          • clump.template.num
          • clump.template.origpos
          • clump.template.pebblelist
          • clump.template.scale
          • clump.template.typeid
          • clump.template.vol
          • clump.typeid
          • clump.vel
          • clump.vol
      • Rigid Blocks
        • Commands
          • rblock apply-facet-groups command
          • rblock attribute command
          • rblock clump command
          • rblock construct command
          • rblock contact-resolution command
          • rblock create command
          • rblock cut command
          • rblock damping command
          • rblock delete command
          • rblock densify command
          • rblock dilate command
          • rblock distribute command
          • rblock erode command
          • rblock export command
          • rblock extra command
          • rblock facet apply command
          • rblock facet apply-remove command
          • rblock facet group command
          • rblock fix command
          • rblock free command
          • rblock generate command
          • rblock group command
          • rblock hide command
          • rblock history command
          • rblock import command
          • rblock initialize command
          • rblock list command
          • rblock merge command
          • rblock property command
          • rblock refine command
          • rblock replicate command
          • rblock results command
          • rblock rotate command
          • rblock scale command
          • rblock select command
          • rblock template command
          • rblock tolerance command
          • rblock trace command
          • rblock tractions command
        • FISH Functions
          • rblock.angle
          • rblock.aspect.ratio
          • rblock.axis.angle
          • rblock.axis.long
          • rblock.ball.pos
          • rblock.ball.radius
          • rblock.contact.list
          • rblock.contact.list.all
          • rblock.contactmap
          • rblock.contactmap.all
          • rblock.contactnum
          • rblock.contactnum.all
          • rblock.containing
          • rblock.convergence
          • rblock.copy
          • rblock.damp
          • rblock.delete
          • rblock.density
          • rblock.disp
          • rblock.energy
          • rblock.euler
          • rblock.extra
          • rblock.facet.area
          • rblock.facet.centroid
          • rblock.facet.closest
          • rblock.facet.group
          • rblock.facet.group.remove
          • rblock.facet.isgroup
          • rblock.facet.list
          • rblock.facet.map
          • rblock.facet.normal
          • rblock.facet.num
          • rblock.facet.vertex.pos
          • rblock.find
          • rblock.fix
          • rblock.force.app
          • rblock.force.contact
          • rblock.force.unbal
          • rblock.fragment
          • rblock.group
          • rblock.group.list
          • rblock.group.remove
          • rblock.groupmap
          • rblock.id
          • rblock.inbox
          • rblock.inglobal
          • rblock.inprin
          • rblock.inside
          • rblock.intersect
          • rblock.isbonded
          • rblock.isgroup
          • rblock.isprop
          • rblock.length.max
          • rblock.length.min
          • rblock.list
          • rblock.mass
          • rblock.mass.real
          • rblock.maxid
          • rblock.mech.convergence
          • rblock.mech.ratio.avg
          • rblock.mech.ratio.local
          • rblock.mech.ratio.max
          • rblock.mech.unbal.max
          • rblock.moi
          • rblock.moi.fix
          • rblock.moi.prin
          • rblock.moi.prin.real
          • rblock.moi.real
          • rblock.moment.app
          • rblock.moment.contact
          • rblock.moment.unbal
          • rblock.near
          • rblock.num
          • rblock.pos
          • rblock.prin.angle
          • rblock.prin.axis.angle
          • rblock.prin.euler
          • rblock.prop
          • rblock.ratio
          • rblock.ratio.target
          • rblock.rotation
          • rblock.rounding
          • rblock.scalesphere
          • rblock.scalevol
          • rblock.spin
          • rblock.stress
          • rblock.template.delete
          • rblock.template.find
          • rblock.template.list
          • rblock.template.maxid
          • rblock.template.moi
          • rblock.template.moi.prin
          • rblock.template.name
          • rblock.template.num
          • rblock.template.typeid
          • rblock.template.vol
          • rblock.typeid
          • rblock.unbond
          • rblock.vel
          • rblock.vertex.list
          • rblock.vertex.map
          • rblock.vertex.num
          • rblock.vertex.pos
          • rblock.vol
      • Walls
        • Faceted Walls in PFC
        • Commands
          • wall active-sides command
          • wall addfacet command
          • wall attribute command
          • wall create command
          • wall delete command
          • wall export command
          • wall extra command
          • wall generate command
          • wall group command
          • wall history command
          • wall import command
          • wall initialize command
          • wall list command
          • wall property command
          • wall resolution command
          • wall results command
          • wall rotate command
          • wall servo command
          • wall tolerance command
          • wall velocity-conveyor command
        • FISH Functions
          • wall.addfacet
          • wall.closed
          • wall.contact.list
          • wall.contact.list.all
          • wall.contactmap
          • wall.contactmap.all
          • wall.contactnum
          • wall.contactnum.all
          • wall.convex
          • wall.cutoff
          • wall.delete
          • wall.disp
          • wall.energy
          • wall.euler
          • wall.extra
          • wall.facet.active
          • wall.facet.contact.list
          • wall.facet.contact.list.all
          • wall.facet.contactmap
          • wall.facet.contactmap.all
          • wall.facet.contactnum
          • wall.facet.contactnum.all
          • wall.facet.conveyor
          • wall.facet.delete
          • wall.facet.extra
          • wall.facet.find
          • wall.facet.group
          • wall.facet.group.list
          • wall.facet.group.remove
          • wall.facet.groupmap
          • wall.facet.id
          • wall.facet.inbox
          • wall.facet.isbonded
          • wall.facet.isgroup
          • wall.facet.isprop
          • wall.facet.list
          • wall.facet.maxid
          • wall.facet.near
          • wall.facet.normal
          • wall.facet.num
          • wall.facet.pair
          • wall.facet.pointnear
          • wall.facet.pos
          • wall.facet.prop
          • wall.facet.typeid
          • wall.facet.vertex
          • wall.facet.wall
          • wall.facetlist
          • wall.find
          • wall.force.contact
          • wall.fragment
          • wall.group
          • wall.group.list
          • wall.group.remove
          • wall.groupmap
          • wall.id
          • wall.inbox
          • wall.inside
          • wall.isbonded
          • wall.isgroup
          • wall.list
          • wall.maxid
          • wall.moment.contact
          • wall.name
          • wall.near
          • wall.num
          • wall.pos
          • wall.prop
          • wall.rotation
          • wall.rotation.center
          • wall.spin
          • wall.typeid
          • wall.vel
          • wall.vertex.delete
          • wall.vertex.facetarray
          • wall.vertex.find
          • wall.vertex.id
          • wall.vertex.inbox
          • wall.vertex.list
          • wall.vertex.maxid
          • wall.vertex.near
          • wall.vertex.num
          • wall.vertex.pos
          • wall.vertex.typeid
          • wall.vertex.vel
          • wall.vertexlist
    • Contacts and Contact Models
      • Contact Resolution
      • Contact Model Assignment Table (CMAT)
      • Contact Models
        • Contact Model Framework
          • Activity-Deletion Criteria
          • Force-Displacement Law
          • Energy Partitions
          • Contact Properties
          • Methods
          • Contact Callback Events
        • Built-in Contact Models
          • Null Model
          • Linear Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Linear Model Methods
              • Linear Model Properties
          • Linear Contact Bond Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Model Summary
              • Linear Contact Bond Model Methods
              • Linear Contact Bond Model Properties
          • Linear Parallel Bond Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Linear Parallel Bond Model Methods
              • Linear Parallel Bond Model Properties
          • Soft-Bond Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Soft Bond Model Methods
              • Soft Bond Model Properties
          • Rolling Resistance Linear Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Rolling Resistance Linear Model Methods
              • Rolling Resistance Linear Model Properties
          • Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model
            • Introduction
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model Methods
              • Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model Properties
          • Flat-Joint Model
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Flat-Joint Model Methods
              • Flat-Joint Model Properties
          • Smooth-Joint Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Smooth-Joint Model Methods
              • Smoothjoint Model Properties
          • Hertz Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Hertz Model Properties
          • Hysteretic Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback events
            • Model Summary
              • Hysteretic Model Properties
          • Burger’s Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Burger’s Model Properties
          • FISH Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • FISH Model Properties
          • Spring Network Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Contact Stiffness Computation
            • Fictitious Stress Correction
            • Tensile and Cohesion Tables
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Spring Network Model Methods
              • Spring Network Model Properties
          • Linear Dipole Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Usage and Verification Examples
            • Model Summary
              • Linear Dipole Model Methods
              • Linear Dipole Model Properties
          • Edinburgh-Elasto-Plastic-Adhesive (EEPA) Contact Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Model Summary
              • EEPA Model Properties
          • Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) Contact Model
            • Behavior Summary
            • Activity-Deletion Criteria
            • Force-Displacement Law
            • Energy Partitions
            • Properties
            • Methods
            • Callback Events
            • Model Summary
              • JKR Model Properties
        • User-Defined Contact Models
      • Commands
        • cmat add command
        • cmat apply command
        • cmat default command
        • cmat list command
        • cmat modify command
        • contact cmat proximity command
        • cmat remove command
        • contact activate command
        • contact apply-group command
        • contact delete command
        • contact detection command
        • contact extra command
        • contact fix command
        • contact group command
        • contact history command
        • contact inhibit command
        • contact list command
        • contact method command
        • contact model command
        • contact persist command
        • contact property command
      • FISH Functions
        • contact.activate
        • contact.active
        • contact.area
        • contact.branch
        • contact.end1
        • contact.end2
        • contact.energy
        • contact.energy.sum
        • contact.extra
        • contact.fid
        • contact.find
        • contact.force.from.stress
        • contact.force.global
        • contact.force.local
        • contact.force.normal
        • contact.force.set
        • contact.force.shear
        • contact.fullupdate
        • contact.gap
        • contact.group
        • contact.group.list
        • contact.group.list.all
        • contact.group.remove
        • contact.groupmap
        • contact.groupmap.all
        • contact.id
        • contact.inherit
        • contact.inhibit
        • contact.isbonded
        • contact.isenergy
        • contact.isgroup
        • contact.isprop
        • contact.list
        • contact.list.all
        • contact.method
        • contact.model
        • contact.model.prop.index
        • contact.moment.on1.global
        • contact.moment.on1.local
        • contact.moment.on2.global
        • contact.moment.on2.local
        • contact.normal
        • contact.num
        • contact.num.all
        • contact.offset
        • contact.otherend
        • contact.persist
        • contact.pos
        • contact.prop
        • contact.prop.index
        • contact.shear
        • contact.to.global
        • contact.to.local
        • contact.typeid
        • contact.unbond
    • Additional Features
      • Bricks and Inlets
        • Commands
          • brick assemble command
          • brick delete command
          • brick export command
          • brick import command
          • brick make command
          • inlet create command
          • inlet modify command
        • FISH Functions
          • brick.assemble
          • brick.delete
          • brick.extent
          • brick.find
          • brick.id
          • brick.list
          • brick.lower.corner
          • brick.maxid
          • brick.num
          • brick.typeid
          • brick.upper.corner
          • inlet.active
          • inlet.brick
          • inlet.delete
          • inlet.find
          • inlet.flow.vel
          • inlet.id
          • inlet.list
          • inlet.maxid
          • inlet.num
          • inlet.orientation
          • inlet.pos
          • inlet.rotation.center
          • inlet.spin
          • inlet.typeid
          • inlet.vel
      • Fragment
        • Commands
          • fragment activate command
          • fragment clear command
          • fragment compute command
          • fragment deactivate command
          • fragment group-isolated command
          • fragment group-slot command
          • fragment list command
          • fragment map command
          • fragment register command
        • FISH Functions
          • fragment.bodylist
          • fragment.bodymap
          • fragment.bodynum
          • fragment.catalog
          • fragment.catalog.num
          • fragment.childlist
          • fragment.childmap
          • fragment.find
          • fragment.history
          • fragment.id
          • fragment.index
          • fragment.list
          • fragment.map
          • fragment.num
          • fragment.parent
          • fragment.pos
          • fragment.pos.catalog
          • fragment.vol
        • Usage and Verification Examples
          • Fragmentation Analysis during a Uniaxial Compression with Crack Tracking Using Fractures
      • Measure
        • Measured Quantities
        • Commands
          • measure create command
          • measure delete command
          • measure dump command
          • measure history command
          • measure list command
          • measure modify command
        • FISH Functions
          • measure.coordination
          • measure.delete
          • measure.find
          • measure.id
          • measure.list
          • measure.maxid
          • measure.num
          • measure.porosity
          • measure.pos
          • measure.radius
          • measure.size
          • measure.strain.rate
          • measure.stress
          • measure.typeid
      • Thermal Calculation
        • PFC Thermal Formulation
          • Mathematical Model Description
          • Numerical Formulation
          • Solving Thermal Problems
        • Verification Problems
          • Transient Thermal Response of Sheet with Constant Temperature Boundaries
          • Heated Specimen with Free Boundaries
          • Heated Specimen with Fixed Boundaries
        • Thermal Balls
          • Commands
            • ball thermal attribute command
            • ball thermal extra command
            • ball thermal fix command
            • ball thermal free command
            • ball thermal group command
            • ball thermal history command
            • ball thermal initialize command
            • ball thermal list command
            • ball thermal property command
          • FISH Functions
            • ball.thermal.ball
            • ball.thermal.contact.list
            • ball.thermal.contact.list.all
            • ball.thermal.contactmap
            • ball.thermal.contactmap.all
            • ball.thermal.contactnum
            • ball.thermal.contactnum.all
            • ball.thermal.expansion
            • ball.thermal.extra
            • ball.thermal.find
            • ball.thermal.fix
            • ball.thermal.group
            • ball.thermal.group.list
            • ball.thermal.group.remove
            • ball.thermal.groupmap
            • ball.thermal.id
            • ball.thermal.inbox
            • ball.thermal.isgroup
            • ball.thermal.isprop
            • ball.thermal.list
            • ball.thermal.near
            • ball.thermal.num
            • ball.thermal.power.app
            • ball.thermal.power.unbal
            • ball.thermal.prop
            • ball.thermal.specific.heat
            • ball.thermal.temp
            • ball.thermal.temp.increment
            • ball.thermal.typeid
        • Thermal Clumps
          • Commands
            • clump thermal attribute command
            • clump thermal extra command
            • clump thermal fix command
            • clump thermal free command
            • clump thermal group command
            • clump thermal history command
            • clump thermal initialize command
            • clump thermal list command
            • clump thermal property command
          • FISH Functions
            • clump.thermal.clump
            • clump.thermal.contact.list
            • clump.thermal.contact.list.all
            • clump.thermal.contactmap
            • clump.thermal.contactmap.all
            • clump.thermal.contactnum
            • clump.thermal.contactnum.all
            • clump.thermal.expansion
            • clump.thermal.extra
            • clump.thermal.find
            • clump.thermal.fix
            • clump.themal.group
            • clump.themal.group.list
            • clump.themal.group.remove
            • clump.themal.groupmap
            • clump.thermal.id
            • clump.thermal.inbox
            • clump.themal.isgroup
            • clump.thermal.list
            • clump.thermal.near
            • clump.thermal.num
            • clump.thermal.pebble.clump
            • clump.thermal.pebble.contact.list
            • clump.thermal.pebble.contact.list.all
            • clump.thermal.pebble.contactmap
            • clump.thermal.pebble.contactmap.all
            • clump.thermal.pebble.contactnum
            • clump.thermal.pebble.contactnum.all
            • clump.thermal.pebble.find
            • clump.thermal.pebble.group
            • clump.thermal.pebble.group.list
            • clump.thermal.pebble.group.remove
            • clump.thermal.pebble.groupmap
            • clump.thermal.pebble.id
            • clump.thermal.pebble.inbox
            • clump.thermal.pebble.isgroup
            • clump.thermal.pebble.isprop
            • clump.thermal.pebble.list
            • clump.thermal.pebble.near
            • clump.thermal.pebble.num
            • clump.thermal.pebble.pebble
            • clump.thermal.pebble.prop
            • clump.thermal.pebble.typeid
            • clump.thermal.pebblelist
            • clump.thermal.power.app
            • clump.thermal.power.unbal
            • clump.thermal.prop
            • clump.thermal.specific.heat
            • clump.thermal.temp
            • clump.thermal.temp.increment
            • clump.thermal.typeid
        • Thermal Rigid Blocks
          • Commands
            • rblock thermal attribute command
            • rblock thermal extra command
            • rblock thermal fix command
            • rblock thermal free command
            • rblock thermal group command
            • rblock thermal history command
            • rblock thermal initialize command
            • rblock thermal list command
            • rblock thermal property command
          • FISH Functions
            • rblock.thermal.contact.list
            • rblock.thermal.contact.list.all
            • rblock.thermal.contactmap
            • rblock.thermal.contactmap
            • rblock.thermal.contactnum
            • rblock.thermal.contactnum.all
            • rblock.thermal.expansion
            • rblock.thermal.extra
            • rblock.thermal.find
            • rblock.thermal.fix
            • rblock.thermal.group
            • rblock.thermal.group.list
            • rblock.thermal.group.remove
            • rblock.thermal.groupmap
            • rblock.thermal.id
            • rblock.thermal.inbox
            • rblock.thermal.isgroup
            • rblock.thermal.isprop
            • rblock.thermal.list
            • rblock.thermal.near
            • rblock.thermal.num
            • rblock.thermal.power.app
            • rblock.thermal.power.unbal
            • rblock.thermal.prop
            • rblock.thermal.rblock
            • rblock.thermal.specific.heat
            • rblock.thermal.temp
            • rblock.thermal.temp.increment
            • rblock.thermal.typeid
        • Thermal Walls
          • Commands
            • wall thermal attribute command
            • wall thermal extra command
            • wall thermal group command
            • wall thermal initialize command
            • wall thermal list command
            • wall thermal property command
          • FISH Functions
            • wall.thermal.contact.list
            • wall.thermal.contact.list.all
            • wall.thermal.contactmap
            • wall.thermal.contactmap.all
            • wall.thermal.extra
            • wall.thermal.facet.contact.list
            • wall.thermal.facet.contact.list.all
            • wall.thermal.facet.contactmap
            • wall.thermal.facet.contactmap.all
            • wall.thermal.facet.facet
            • wall.thermal.facet.find
            • wall.thermal.facet.group
            • wall.thermal.facet.group.list
            • wall.thermal.facet.group.remove
            • wall.thermal.facet.groupmap
            • wall.thermal.facet.id
            • wall.thermal.facet.inbox
            • wall.thermal.facet.isgroup
            • wall.thermal.facet.isprop
            • wall.thermal.facet.list
            • wall.thermal.facet.near
            • wall.thermal.facet.num
            • wall.thermal.facet.pos
            • wall.thermal.facet.prop
            • wall.thermal.facet.typeid
            • wall.thermal.facet.wall
            • wall.thermal.facetlist
            • wall.thermal.find
            • wall.thermal.group
            • wall.thermal.group.list
            • wall.thermal.group.remove
            • wall.thermal.groupmap
            • wall.thermal.id
            • wall.thermal.inbox
            • wall.thermal.isgroup
            • wall.thermal.list
            • wall.thermal.near
            • wall.thermal.num
            • wall.thermal.pos
            • wall.thermal.prop
            • wall.thermal.typeid
            • wall.thermal.wall
        • Thermal Contacts and Contact Models
          • Thermal Contact Models
            • Built-in Contact Models
              • Null Thermal Contact Model
              • Thermal Pipe Contact Model
          • FISH Functions
            • contact.thermal.power
        • Thermal Process FISH Functions
          • thermal.active
          • thermal.age
          • thermal.cycle
          • thermal.safety.factor
          • thermal.solve
          • thermal.step
          • thermal.time.analytical
          • thermal.timestep
          • thermal.timestep.given
          • thermal.timestep.max
      • CFD module for PFC3D
        • PFC3D Fluid-Particle Interaction Formulation
        • Implementation Details
          • Porosity Calculation
          • Fluid Mesh and Data Format
            • Example Node File
            • Example Element File
            • Reading Fluid Flow Data into PFC
          • Practical Considerations
          • Coupling
          • Calculation Cycle
        • Examples
          • One-way Fluid Coupling
            • Problem Description
            • Analytical Solution
            • Implementation
            • Results
          • Modeling Flow in Porous Media with Darcy’s Law
            • Problem Description
            • Theory
            • Implementation
            • Results
          • Coupling PFC3D with 3rd Party Fluid Flow Software
            • Coupling PFC3D with OpenFOAM®
        • CFD General
          • Commands
            • cfd buoyancy command
            • cfd interval command
            • cfd read command
            • cfd term command
            • cfd list command
            • cfd update command
            • cfd coupling command
            • cfd porosity command
          • FISH Functions
            • cfd.age
            • cfd.cycle
        • CFD Balls
          • Commands
            • ball cfd attribute command
            • ball cfd extra command
            • ball cfd group command
            • ball cfd history command
            • ball cfd initialize command
            • ball cfd list command
          • FISH Functions
            • ball.cfd.ball
            • ball.cfd.element.list
            • ball.cfd.elementmap
            • ball.cfd.extra
            • ball.cfd.find
            • ball.cfd.force
            • ball.cfd.group
            • ball.cfd.group.remove
            • ball.cfd.id
            • ball.cfd.inbox
            • ball.cfd.isgroup
            • ball.cfd.list
            • ball.cfd.near
            • ball.cfd.num
            • ball.cfd.pos
            • ball.cfd.typeid
        • CFD Clumps
          • Commands
            • clump cfd attribute command
            • clump cfd extra command
            • clump cfd group command
            • clump cfd history command
            • clump cfd initialize command
            • clump cfd list command
          • FISH Functions
            • clump.cfd.clump
            • clump.cfd.elementlist
            • clump.cfd.elementmap
            • clump.cfd.extra
            • clump.cfd.find
            • clump.cfd.force
            • clump.cfd.group
            • clump.cfd.group.remove
            • clump.cfd.id
            • clump.cfd.inbox
            • clump.cfd.isgroup
            • clump.cfd.list
            • clump.cfd.near
            • clump.cfd.num
            • clump.cfd.pebble.clump
            • clump.cfd.pebble.find
            • clump.cfd.pebble.group
            • clump.cfd.pebble.group.remove
            • clump.cfd.pebble.id
            • clump.cfd.pebble.inbox
            • clump.cfd.pebble.isgroup
            • clump.cfd.pebble.list
            • clump.cfd.pebble.near
            • clump.cfd.pebble.num
            • clump.cfd.pebble.pebble
            • clump.cfd.pebble.typeid
            • clump.cfd.pebblelist
            • clump.cfd.pos
            • clump.cfd.typeid
        • CFD Elements
          • Commands
            • element cfd attribute command
            • element cfd extra command
            • element cfd group command
            • element cfd history command
            • element cfd initialize command
            • element cfd list command
          • FISH Functions
            • element.cfd.density
            • element.cfd.dragforce
            • element.cfd.edge.adjacentlist
            • element.cfd.edge.adjacentmap
            • element.cfd.extra
            • element.cfd.face.adjacent
            • element.cfd.face.adjacentlist
            • element.cfd.face.adjacentmap
            • element.cfd.face.num
            • element.cfd.find
            • element.cfd.group
            • element.cfd.group.remove
            • element.cfd.id
            • element.cfd.inbox
            • element.cfd.isgroup
            • element.cfd.list
            • element.cfd.near
            • element.cfd.node.adjacentlist
            • element.cfd.node.adjacentmap
            • element.cfd.node.num
            • element.cfd.node.pos
            • element.cfd.num
            • element.cfd.porosity
            • element.cfd.pos
            • element.cfd.presgradient
            • element.cfd.pressure
            • element.cfd.typeid
            • element.cfd.vel
            • element.cfd.viscosity
            • element.cfd.vol
      • C++ Plugins
        • Installing Qt
        • Contact Model Plug-ins
          • Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model
          • Burger’s Contact Model Implementation
          • EEPA Model Implementation
          • Flat-Joint Model Implementation
          • Hertz Model Implementation
          • Hysteretic Model Implementation
          • JKR Model Implementation
          • Linear Contact Model Implementation
          • Linear Contact Bond Model Implementation
          • Linear Parallel Bond Model Implementation
          • Null Contact Model Implementation
          • Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model Implementation
          • Smooth-Joint Model Implementation
          • Soft-Bond Model Implementation
          • Spring Network Model Implementation
        • Programmer’s Interface
    • Examples
      • Tutorials
        • Balls in a Box
        • Clumps in a Box
        • Attributes and Properties
        • Using the CMAT
        • Generating a Bonded Assembly
        • Replicating a Particle Size Distribution
        • Inclusions in a Matrix
        • Hopper Discharge
        • Using FISH Callbacks
        • Table Tennis
        • Shallow Foundation
        • Slip on a Fault
        • Creation of a Synthetic Rock Mass (SRM) Specimen
        • FISH Contact Model
      • Verification Problems
        • Measure Logic
        • Strength of a Face-Centered Cubic Array of Spheres
        • Tip-Loaded Cantilever Beam
        • Linear Contact Model: Calibrating the Normal Critical Damping Ratio
        • Hertz Contact Model: Complex Loading Paths
        • Wave Propagation in Particle Assemblies
        • Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model: Single Ball on a Flat Surface
        • Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model: Repose Angle
        • Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model: Repose Angle
        • Burger’s Contact Model: Stress Relaxation
        • Sliding Wedge
        • Spring Network Contact Model Capabilities
        • Simulating Square Permanent Magnets
        • Pull-Test for a Grouted Cable Anchor in a PFC Rigid Block Model
        • Shear Pull-Tests for a Hybrid Bolt in PFC3D
      • Example Applications
        • Hopper Flow
        • Probing a Granular Specimen
        • Ribbon Blender
        • Fragmentation Analysis during a Uniaxial Compression with Crack Tracking Using Fractures
        • DFN Generation, Analysis, and Simplification
        • Rock Testing
        • Rigid Block Model of Flying Buttresses
        • Rigid Block Model of a Rockslide
        • Genesis and Testing of a Soft-Bonded Material
        • Simple Rigid Block Bonded-Block Modeling (BBM)
        • Rigid Block Model of Tunnel Excavation
        • Using the Rigid Body Spring Network Paradigm
        • Particle Inlets
    • Index: PFC Commands
    • Index: PFC FISH Functions
  • Examples Index
  • Command Index
  • FISH Index
  • Glossary
  • 3DEC 7 for 3DEC 5.2 Users
    • Command and FISH Syntax
    • Materials
    • Large Strain
    • FISH
    • New Features in Version 7.0
      • Commands and Scripting
      • Plotting and User Interface
      • Model Building
      • Hybrid Bolts
      • Miscellaneous
    • Conversion of 5.2 and older Data Files
  • 3DEC 5.2 to 7.0 Command Mapping
  • 3DEC 5.2 to 7.0 FISH Mapping