Program Guide
Modeling Methodology
General Approach
General Solution Procedure, Illustrated
2D vs. 3D Models
Modeling Data-Limited Systems
Modeling Chaotic Systems
Localization, Physical Instability, and Path-Dependence
Factor of Safety
Factor of Safety Defined
Computational Methods for Factor of Safety Calculation of Slopes
Strength Reduction Technique
Limit Analysis
Limit Equilibrium
Relation of Strength Reduction Method to Limit Equilibrium and Limit Analysis
Strength Reduction Procedure in FLAC3D and 3DEC
Strength Reduction Properties
Mohr-Coulomb Material
Ubiquitous-Joint Material
Hoek-Brown Material
Interfaces (FLAC3D)
Coulomb Joints (3DEC)
Example Factor of Safety Calculations using the Strength Reduction Method
In 3DEC
Example: FOS Calculations Using the Strength Reduction Method
Failure Modes of a Simple Slope in Jointed Mohr-Coulomb Material
Verification: Tests for a Simple Slope in Hoek-Brown Material
Factor of Safety with respect to Shear Strength
Factor of Safety Contours
In FLAC3D
Failure of a Slope with a Complex Surface Profile in a Mohr-Coulomb Material
Influence of Slope Curvature on Stability
Simple Slope in Hoek-Brown Material
Automatic Calculation of a Stable Pit Slope Angle
Factor of Safety Contours
References
Code-Specific Considerations
2D vs. 3D models in PFC
Particle Shape in PFC
References
Underpinnings
Timestep
Determinism
Large Strain/Small Strain
Notations
Sign Conventions
Stress Sign Conventions
Stress/Strain Invariants
System of Units
Mechanical Analysis
Thermal Analysis
Fluid Analysis
Structural Elements
Precision Limits
Program Mechanics
Commands (& Scripting)
How Commands Work
Command Syntax
Command Shaping
Command Entry in the Console Pane
Command and FISH Highlighting in the Program
Command and FISH Reference Notation in the Documents
Command Tools
Commands: Additional Material
The Console Pane
Console Pane Toolbar
Control Panel
Commands, a Rationale
Why A Command-Driven Interface?
Why FISH?
Projects
How Projects Work
Handling Projects
The Project Pane
Project Pane Toolbar
Project-Related Keyboard Commands
Control Panel
Projects: Further Description
"Open into Project" Dialog
Projects and Item Tracking
Project Bundle Files
Create a Bundle
Open a Bundle
Bundle Report
FISH Global Symbols Control Set
Data Files
How Data Files Work
Data File Handling
Create
Open or Call
Rename
Duplicate
Close
Print
Un-hide
The Editor Pane
Editor Pane Toolbar
Control Panel
Inline Help
Keyboard
Selection in an Editor Pane
Editor Pane Local Options
File Storage and the Editor Pane
Other Inputs
Geometry Files
Itasca Geometry File Format
DFN Files
DFN-Related File Formats
Data (Vectors, etc.) Files
Label File Formats
Scalar File Formats
Tensor File Formats
Vector File Formats
Table Files
Table File Format
Plot Files
Grid Files
Itasca Grid Format
Listings
The Listing Pane
Listing Pane Toolbar
Control Panel
Keyboard
Plotting
How Plots Work
The Plot Pane
View Manipulation
View Pane Toolbar
Add Items
Handling Plot Items
Plot Items Reference
Plot Items in Common
Axes
Fracture
Fracture Intersections
Fracture Rosette
Fracture Stereonet
Geometry
History
History Locations
Labels
Particle Trace
Scalars
ScaleBox
Table Chart
Tensors
Vectors
Plot Items in PFC
Ball
Ball CFD (PFC3D only)
Ball Thermal
Clump
Clump CFD (PFC3D Only)
Clump Template
Clump Thermal
Contact
Contact Thermal
DFN Fracture Contour
Domain
Element CFD
Measure
Rigid Block
Rigid Block Template
Wall
Wall Thermal
Plot Items in FLAC3D
Attach Conditions
Beam
Boundary
Cable
Face
Factor of Safety
Geogrid
GP Fixity
Interface
IsoSurface
Liner
Pile
Profile
Shell
Tensors (Zone)
Tracked Particles
Vectors (Structural Elements)
Vectors (Zones)
Water Table
Zone
Zone Group Surfaces
Standard Attribute Controls
Color
Color-List
Color Opt
Contour
Cut-Line
Def-fac
Font
Hide-Null
Legend
Line
Map
Polygons
Scale
Shape
Transparency
Plot Items Control Set
Cutting Tool
Clip Box
Range
The Build Range Dialog
Range Element Index
Rectangle
Polygon
Ellipse
X Position
Y Position
Z Position
Sphere
Annulus
Cylinder
Plane
Geometry Distance
Geometry Int Count
DFN Distance
Remove
Model Ranges
Saved Plot Filters
ID
ID List
Fish
Group
Contact
FID
FIDList
Extra
Extra List
Set
Radius
Plotting Utilities
Mouse Tools
Information Control Set
Solving
Cycling dialog
Warnings dialog
Saving
How Save Files Work
Save File Handling
How Results Files Work
Results File Handling
The State Record Pane
Tools in the State Record Pane
Python
IPython Pane
Program Layout, Configuration, Tools
The Program Window
Panes
Resizing
Moving
Stacking
Floating and Docking
Hiding and Closing
Showing and Opening
Pane Menu and Tab Menu
Toolbar
Control Panel
Control Sets
Menus
File Menu
Edit Menu
Layout Menu
Documents Menu
Panes Menu
Tools Menu
Help Menu
Options Dialog
General Options
FISH Options
Email Options
Start-up Options
Editor Options
Plots Options
Movie Options
Console Options
Listings Options
Results Options
Layouts
Common Dialogs
Generate Movie Frames
License Submenu
Specify License Location ...
Show Claimed Licenses ...
Request License Change ...
Apply License Update ...
Startup Dialog
Hardware Lock Not Detected! Dialog
Update Alert
Request Technical Support … Dialog
Support
Documentation
Help With Commands
Technical Support
The Technical Support Dialog
Finding a License Number
Bug Reporting
Installation
Standard License
Network License
Web License
Running on AWS
Security
Program License
License Number
Program Updates
Get Program Updates
Get the Program Revision History
Constitutive Models
Constitutive Models in FLAC3D and 3DEC
Incremental Formulation
Null Model Group
Null Model
Elastic Model Group
Isotropic Elastic Model
Anisotropic (Transversely) Elastic Model
Orthotropic Elastic Model
Plastic Model Group
Drucker-Prager Model
Mohr-Coulomb Model
Ubiquitous-Joint Model
Anisotropic-Elasticity Ubiquitous-Joint Model
Strain-Softening/Hardening Mohr-Coulomb (SSoft) Model
Bilinear Strain-Softening/Hardening Ubiquitous-Joint (SUBI) Model
Double-Yield Model
Modified Cam-Clay Model
Hoek-Brown Model
Hoek-Brown-PAC Model
Cap-Yield (CYSoil) Model*
Simplified Cap-Yield (CHSoil) Model*
Plastic-Hardening (PH) Model*
Swell Model*
Mohr-Coulomb Tension Crack (MohrT) Model*
Soft-Soil Model*
NorSand Model*
Finn Model*
P2PSand Model*
IMASS Model**
Introduction
IMASS Constitutive Model
Cohesion and Tension Weakening and Frictional Strengthening
Post Peak Brittleness
Modulus Softening
Dilational Behavior
Model Main Components
Peak Envelope
Residual Envelopes
Elastic Properties
Tensile Strength Envelope
Bulking Behavior
Cohesion Weakening Frictional Strengthening Behavior
Strength Envelopes
Transition between Peak and Post-Peak Envelopes
Transition between Post-Peak and Ultimate Strength Envelopes
Stress Point Evolution Domains
Mohr-Coulomb Fit
Tension Weakening and Tension Cutoff
Dilation Angle
Modulus Softening
Density Adjustment
Ubiquitous Joints
Single Residual Envelope Implementation (Similar To Cavehoek) In IMASS
Differences between the Single Residual Envelope Implementation in IMASS and the CaveHoek Model
Sloss, an indicator for damage in IMASS
Examples using IMASS
Single-Zone Unconfined Compression Test with IMASS Model
Multi-Zone Confined Compression Test with IMASS Model
Pillar Stability with IMASS Model
Slope Stability with IMASS Model
Underground Tunnel Stability with IMASS Model
Properties In IMASS
Unit System
Resetting Properties
Creep Constitutive Models in 3DEC and FLAC3D
Description of Creep Constitutive Models
Maxwell Model
Burgers Model
Power Model
WIPP Model
Burgers-Mohr Model
Power-Mohr Model
Power-Ubiquitous Model
WIPP-Drucker Model
WIPP-Salt Model
Soft-Soil-Creep Model*
Solving Creep Problems
Creep Timestep
Automatic Adjustment of the Creep Timestep
Temperature Dependency
Input Instructions for Creep Modeling
Creep Commands
Creep FISH Variables
Verification and Example Problems
Maxwell/Kelvin/Burgers Model: Parallel-Plate Viscometer
WIPP-Type Models: Parallel-Plate Viscometer
Power Model: Cylindrical Cavity
Power-Mohr Model: Cylindrical Cavity
WIPP Model: Cylindrical Cavity
Power Model: Spherical Cavity
Maxwell Model: Oedometer Test
Kelvin Model: Oedometer Test
Maxwell/Burgers Model: Compression Test
Burgers-Mohr/Power-Mohr Model: Loading/Unloading Compression Test
WIPP-Drucker Model: Comparison with Drucker-Prager Model
WIPP-Drucker Model: Compression Test Showing Localization
WIPP-Salt Model: Hydrostatic Compression Test
WIPP-Salt Model: Shear Compression Test
Soft-Soil-Creep Model: Triaxial Consolidated Undrained Loading
References
Model Tests and Examples
Oedometer Test with Mohr-Coulomb Model
Uniaxial Compressive Strength of a Jointed Material Sample
Isotropic Consolidation Test with Double-Yield Model
Isotropic Consolidation Test with Modified Cam-Clay Model
Triaxial Compression Test with Hoek-Brown Model
Triaxial Compression Test with Hoek-Brown-PAC Model
Isotropic Compression Test with CYSoil Model
Oedometer Test with CYSoil Model
Drained Triaxial Test with CYSoil Model — Constant Dilation
Drained Triaxial Test with CYSoil Model — Dilation Hardening
Undrained Triaxial Test with CYSoil Model
Drained Triaxial Compression Test with Simplified Cap-Yield (CHSoil) Model
Comparison between Mohr-Coulomb Model and Plastic-Hardening model
Comparison of Plastic-Hardening Model without and with Small-Strain Stiffness
Isotropic Compression Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
Drained Triaxial Compression Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
Undrained Triaxial Compression Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
Oedometer Test with Plastic-Hardening Model
Single Zone Swell Test
Single Zone Loading-Unloading Test with MohrT Model
Undrained Triaxial Test with Soft-Soil Model
Undrained Triaxial Test with NorSand Model
Single-Zone Unconfined Compression Test with IMASS Model
Multi-Zone Confined Compression Test with IMASS Model
Pillar Stability with IMASS Model
Underground Tunnel Stability with IMASS Model
Slope Stability with IMASS Model
References
Structural Elements
Structural Element Nodes
Mechanical Behavior
Response Quantities
Commands & FISH
Commands
structure node apply command
structure node create command
structure node damping-local command
structure node delete command
structure node fix command
structure node free command
structure node group command
structure node hide command
structure node history command
structure node initialize command
structure node join command
structure node list command
structure node select command
structure node system-local command
FISH Functions
struct.node.acc.global
struct.node.acc.local
struct.node.apply
struct.node.apply.local
struct.node.convergence
struct.node.damp.local
struct.node.disp.global
struct.node.disp.local
struct.node.dynamic.timestep
struct.node.elements
struct.node.extra
struct.node.find
struct.node.fix
struct.node.fix.local
struct.node.force.unbal.global
struct.node.force.unbal.local
struct.node.group
struct.node.group.remove
struct.node.head
struct.node.id
struct.node.id.component
struct.node.isgroup
struct.node.link
struct.node.list
struct.node.mark
struct.node.mass.added
struct.node.mass.local
struct.node.maxid
struct.node.near
struct.node.next
struct.node.num
struct.node.pos
struct.node.pos.reference
struct.node.ratio
struct.node.ratio.target
struct.node.resultant
struct.node.stiff.local
struct.node.surface.valid
struct.node.surface.xdir
struct.node.system.local
struct.node.system.surface
struct.node.temp.increment
struct.node.typeid
struct.node.vel.global
struct.node.vel.local
Structural Element Links
Introduction
Link Model Properties
Compression vs. Tension Direction
Manually setting link properties
Commands & FISH
Commands
structure link attach command
structure link create command
structure link delete command
structure link group command
structure link hide command
structure link history command
structure link list command
structure link property command
structure link select command
structure link slide command
structure link tolerance-contact command
structure link tolerance-node command
structure link slide-tolerance command
FISH Functions
struct.link.attach
struct.link.delete
struct.link.extra
struct.link.find
struc.link.group
struc.link.group.remove
struct.link.head
struct.link.id
struct.link.id.component
struc.link.group.remove
struct.link.list
struct.link.maxid
struct.link.model
struct.link.model.area
struct.link.model.compression
struct.link.model.disp
struct.link.model.force
struct.link.model.gap
struct.link.model.gap.neg
struct.link.model.gap.pos
struct.link.model.prop
struct.link.model.stiffness
struct.link.model.tension
struct.link.model.yield
struct.link.next
struct.link.node
struct.link.num
struct.link.side
struct.link.slide
struct.link.slide.tol
struct.link.target
struct.link.type
struct.link.typeid
struct.link.used.by
Beam Structural Elements
Mechanical Behavior
Response Quantities
Properties
Example Applications
Tutorial: Braced Support of a Vertical Excavation
Simple Beam — Two Equal Concentrated Loads — Beam Elements
Cantilever Beam with Applied Moment at Tip — Beam Elements
Buckling of an Axially Loaded Beam
Plastic Hinge Formation in a Beam Structure
Commands & FISH
Commands
structure beam apply command
structure beam create command
structure beam delete command
structure beam group command
structure beam hide command
structure beam history command
structure beam import command
structure beam initialize command
structure beam list command
structure beam property command
structure beam refine command
structure beam select command
FISH Functions
struct.beam.area
struct.beam.force
struct.beam.length
struct.beam.load
struct.beam.moi
struct.beam.moment
struct.beam.moment.plastic
struct.beam.moment.plastic.y
struct.beam.moment.plastic.z
struct.beam.poisson
struct.beam.volume
struct.beam.ydir
struct.beam.young
Cable Structural Elements
Mechanical Behavior
Properties
Example Applications
Cable-Reinforced Beam
Soil Nailing
Commands & FISH
Commands
structure cable apply
structure cable create command
structure cable delete
structure cable group
structure cable hide
structure cable history
structure cable import command
structure cable initialize
structure cable list
structure cable property
structure cable refine
structure cable select
FISH Functions
struct.cable.area
struct.cable.force.axial
struct.cable.grout.cohesion
struct.cable.grout.confining
struct.cable.grout.dir
struct.cable.grout.disp
struct.cable.grout.friction
struct.cable.grout.perimeter
struct.cable.grout.slip
struct.cable.grout.stiffness
struct.cable.grout.stress
struct.cable.length
struct.cable.slide
struct.cable.slide.tol
struct.cable.state.compression
struct.cable.state.tension
struct.cable.strain.plastic
struct.cable.stress.axial
struct.cable.table.grout.cohesion
struct.cable.table.grout.friction
struct.cable.volume
struct.cable.yield.compression
struct.cable.yield.tension
struct.cable.young
Hybrid Bolt Structural Elements
Mechanical Behavior
Implementation
Properties
Calibration
Influence of Segment Length and Dowel Length
The Calibration Steps
Orientation-Dependent Shear Strength
Effect of Joint Friction Angle on Bolt Load Capacity
HTML Calibration Tool
Example Applications
Example: Shear Pull-Tests for Hybrid bolts in 3DEC
Simple Shear Test
Simple Pullout Test
Example: Shear Pull-Tests for a Hybrid bolts in FLAC3D
Simple Shear Test
Simple Pullout Test
References
Commands & FISH
Commands
structure hybrid apply command
structure hybrid create command
structure hybrid group
structure hybrid hide
structure hybrid history
structure hybrid import command
structure hybrid initialize
structure hybrid list command
structure hybrid property
structure hybrid select
structure hybrid delete
FISH Functions
struct.hybrid.dowellist
struct.hybrid.rupture.dowel
struct.hybrid.rupture.tension
Pile Structural Elements
Mechanical Behavior
Response Quantities
Properties
Example Applications
Axially Loaded Pile
Laterally Loaded Pile
Commands & FISH
Commands
structure pile apply
structure pile create command
structure pile delete command
structure pile group command
structure pile hide command
structure pile history command
structure pile import command
structure pile initialize command
structure pile list command
structure pile property command
structure pile refine command
structure pile select command
FISH Functions
struct.pile.area
struct.pile.force
struct.pile.gap
struct.pile.length
struct.pile.load
struct.pile.moi
struct.pile.moment
struct.pile.moment.plastic
struct.pile.moment.plastic.y
struct.pile.moment.plastic.z
struct.pile.normal.cohesion
struct.pile.normal.dir
struct.pile.normal.disp
struct.pile.normal.friction
struct.pile.normal.gap
struct.pile.normal.state
struct.pile.normal.stiffness
struct.pile.normal.stress
struct.pile.perimeter
struct.pile.poisson
struct.pile.rockbolt
struct.pile.rupture.tension
struct.pile.shear.cohesion
struct.pile.shear.dir
struct.pile.shear.disp
struct.pile.shear.flag
struct.pile.shear.friction
struct.pile.shear.state
struct.pile.shear.stiffness
struct.pile.shear.stress
struct.pile.slide
struct.pile.slide.tol
struct.pile.state.compression
struct.pile.state.tension
struct.pile.strain.failure
struct.pile.stress.confining
struct.pile.table.cohesion
struct.pile.table.factor
struct.pile.table.friction
struct.pile.volume
struct.pile.ydir
struct.pile.yield.compression
struct.pile.yield.tension
struct.pile.young
Shell-Type Structural Elements
Mechanical Behavior
Response Quantities
Properties
Shell Structural Elements
Mechanical Behavior
Response Quantities
Properties
Example Applications
Simple Beam — Two Equal Concentrated Loads — Shell Elements
Cantilever Beam with Applied Moment at Tip — Shell Elements
Plastic Hinge Formation in a Shell Structure
Isotropic Rectangular Plate with Applied Pressure
Advancing Lined Tunnel (Rigidly Connected to Zones)
Commands & FISH
Commands
structure shell apply command
structure shell create command
structure shell delete command
structure shell group command
structure shell hide command
structure shell history command
structure shell import command
structure shell initialize command
structure shell list command
structure shell property command
structure shell recover command
structure shell refine command
structure shell select command
FISH Functions
struct.shell.area
struct.shell.beta
struct.shell.depth.factor
struct.shell.element.type
struct.shell.poisson
struct.shell.pressure
struct.shell.prop.anis
struct.shell.prop.matx
struct.shell.prop.ortho
struct.shell.prop.type
struct.shell.resultant
struct.shell.resultant.valid
struct.shell.stress
struct.shell.stress.max
struct.shell.stress.min
struct.shell.stress.prin
struct.shell.stress.valid
struct.shell.thickness
struct.shell.volume
struct.shell.young
Geogrid Structural Elements
Mechanical Behavior
Response Quantities
Properties
Example Applications
Simple Test of Geogrid-Soil Interface Behavior
Geogrid Pull-out Test
Geogrid-Reinforced Embankment
Commands & FISH
Commands
structure geogrid apply command
structure geogrid create command
structure geogrid delete command
structure geogrid group command
structure geogrid hide command
structure geogrid history command
structure geogrid import command
structure geogrid initialize command
structure geogrid list command
structure geogrid property command
structure geogrid recover command
structure geogrid refine command
structure geogrid select command
FISH Functions
struct.geogrid.shear.cohesion
struct.geogrid.shear.dir
struct.geogrid.shear.disp
struct.geogrid.shear.friction
struct.geogrid.shear.state
struct.geogrid.shear.stiffness
struct.geogrid.shear.stress
struct.geogrid.slide
struct.geogrid.slide.tol
struct.geogrid.stress.confining
Liner Structural Elements
Mechanical Behavior
Response Quantities
Properties
Example Applications
Simple Test of Liner-Zone Interface Behavior
Demonstration of Large-Strain Sliding
Advancing Lined Tunnel (Slip at Liner-Soil Interface)
Liner-Reinforced Beam
Embedded Retaining Wall
Commands & FISH
Commands
structure liner apply command
structure liner create command
structure liner delete command
structure liner gap-factor command
structure liner group command
structure liner hide command
structure liner history command
structure liner import command
structure liner initialize command
structure liner list command
structure liner property command
structure liner recover command
structure liner refine command
structure liner select command
FISH Functions
struct.liner.embedded
struct.liner.normal.dir
struct.liner.normal.disp
struct.liner.normal.stiffness
struct.liner.normal.strength
struct.liner.normal.stress
struct.liner.shear.cohesion
struct.liner.shear.dir
struct.liner.shear.disp
struct.liner.shear.friction
struct.liner.shear.residual
struct.liner.shear.state
struct.liner.shear.stiffness
struct.liner.shear.stress
struct.liner.slide
struct.liner.slide.tol
General Formulation of Structural-Element Logic
Structural-Element Links
Finite Element Stiffness Matrices
Stress Recovery Procedure
Governing Equations
Central-Difference Approximations
Accumulated Out-of-Balance Force Vector
Mass Matrix
Damping Formulation
Computation of Stable Timestep
Mass Scaling
Computational Algorithm
References
structure Commands & FISH (all)
Commands
structure damping command
structure dynamic command
structure list command
structure mechanical command
structure ratio command
structure results command
structure safety-factor command
structure scale-rotational-mass command
FISH Functions
struct.connectivity
struct.delete
struct.density
struct.extra
struct.find
struct.force.nodal
struct.force.nodal.local
struct.force.update
struct.group
struct.group.remove
struct.head
struct.id
struct.id.component
struct.isgroup
struct.list
struct.local.system
struct.mark
struct.maxid
struct.mech.convergence
struct.mech.ratio.avg
struct.mech.ratio.local
struct.mech.ratio.max
struct.near
struct.next
struct.node
struct.num
struct.pos
struct.therm.expansion
struct.type
struct.typeid
struct.was.updated
Common Commands and FISH
Data
Commands
data label create command
data label delete command
data label list command
data label modify command
data label results command
data scalar create command
data scalar delete command
data scalar export command
data scalar group command
data scalar import command
data scalar list command
data scalar results command
data tensor create command
data tensor delete command
data tensor export command
data tensor group command
data tensor import command
data tensor list command
data tensor results command
data vector create command
data vector delete command
data vector export command
data vector group command
data vector import command
data vector list command
data vector results command
FISH Functions
Label Functions
data.label.arrow
data.label.create
data.label.delete
data.label.end
data.label.find
data.label.group
data.label.group.remove
data.label.head
data.label.isgroup
data.label.list
data.label.maxid
data.label.name
data.label.next
data.label.num
data.label.pos
data.label.text
data.label.typeid
Scalar Functions
data.scalar.create
data.scalar.delete
data.scalar.extra
data.scalar.find
data.scalar.group
data.scalar.group.remove
data.scalar.head
data.scalar.id
data.scalar.isgroup
data.scalar.list
data.scalar.maxid
data.scalar.near
data.scalar.next
data.scalar.num
data.scalar.pos
data.scalar.typeid
data.scalar.value
Tensor Functions
data.tensor.create
data.tensor.delete
data.tensor.extra
data.tensor.find
data.tensor.group
data.tensor.group.remove
data.tensor.head
data.tensor.id
data.tensor.isgroup
data.tensor.list
data.tensor.maxid
data.tensor.near
data.tensor.next
data.tensor.num
data.tensor.pos
data.tensor.typeid
data.tensor.value
Vector Functions
data.vector.create
data.vector.ddir
data.vector.delete
data.vector.dip
data.vector.extra
data.vector.find
data.vector.group
data.vector.group.remove
data.vector.head
data.vector.id
data.vector.isgroup
data.vector.list
data.vector.maxid
data.vector.near
data.vector.next
data.vector.num
data.vector.pos
data.vector.typeid
data.vector.value
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)
Overview
Base Model Components
Generating Stochastic Fracture Sets or DFNs
Commands
fracture aperture command
fracture attribute command
fracture cluster command
fracture combine command
fracture compute command
fracture connectivity command
fracture contact-model command
fracture copy command
fracture create command
fracture delete command
fracture dfn-extra command
fracture dfn-group command
fracture export command
fracture extra command
fracture generate command
fracture group command
fracture import command
fracture initialize command
fracture intersections automatic-update command
fracture intersections compute command
fracture intersections delete command
fracture intersections scanline command
fracture joint-set command
fracture list command
fracture property command
fracture prune command
fracture results command
fracture set-property command
fracture template create command
fracture template delete command
fracture template modify-default command
fracture verify-file command
FISH Functions
dfn functions
dfn.contact.list
dfn.contact.list.all
dfn.contactmap
dfn.contactmap.all
dfn.create
dfn.delete
dfn.dominance
dfn.extra
dfn.find
dfn.fracturelist
dfn.fracturenum
dfn.group
dfn.group.remove
dfn.id
dfn.isgroup
dfn.list
dfn.maxid
dfn.name
dfn.num
dfn.prop
dfn.template
dfn.typeid
dfn.template functions
fracture.template.ddirmax
fracture.template.ddirmin
fracture.template.dipmax
fracture.template.dipmin
fracture.template.find
fracture.template.id
fracture.template.list
fracture.template.maxid
fracture.template.name
fracture.template.norientparam
fracture.template.nposparam
fracture.template.nsizeparam
fracture.template.num
fracture.template.orientparam
fracture.template.orienttype
fracture.template.posparam
fracture.template.postype
fracture.template.sizemax
fracture.template.sizemin
fracture.template.sizeparam
fracture.template.sizetype
fracture.template.typeid
fracture functions
fracture.aperture
fracture.area
fracture.centerdensity
fracture.contact.list
fracture.contact.list.all
fracture.contactmap
fracture.contactmap.all
fracture.copy
fracture.create
fracture.ddir
fracture.decimate
fracture.delete
fracture.density
fracture.dfn
fracture.diameter
fracture.dip
fracture.extra
fracture.find
fracture.genpos
fracture.gensize
fracture.geomp10
fracture.geomp20
fracture.geomp21
fracture.geomtrace
fracture.gintersect
fracture.group
fracture.group.remove
fracture.id
fracture.inbox
fracture.interarray
fracture.intersect
fracture.isdisk
fracture.isgroup
fracture.isprop
fracture.len
fracture.list
fracture.maxid
fracture.near
fracture.normal
fracture.num
fracture.p10
fracture.percolation
fracture.pointnear
fracture.pos
fracture.prop
fracture.typeid
fracture.vertexarray
fracture.vertexlist
fracture.intersection functions
fracture.intersect.end1
fracture.intersect.end2
fracture.intersect.find
fracture.intersect.len
fracture.intersect.list
fracture.intersect.maxid
fracture.intersect.npolylinept
fracture.intersect.num
fracture.intersect.polylinept
fracture.intersect.pos1
fracture.intersect.pos2
fracture.intersect.set
fracture.intersect.typeid
fracture.intersection.set functions
fracture.intersect.set.delete
fracture.intersect.set.find
fracture.intersect.set.id
fracture.intersect.set.interlist
fracture.intersect.set.internum
fracture.intersect.set.list
fracture.intersect.set.maxid
fracture.intersect.set.name
fracture.intersect.set.num
fracture.intersect.set.path
fracture.intersect.set.typeid
fracture.vertex functions
fracture.vertex.find
fracture.vertex.list
fracture.vertex.maxid
fracture.vertex.num
fracture.vertex.pos
fracture.vertex.typeid
Domain
Commands
domain.condition command
domain.extent command
domain.strain-rate command
FISH Functions
domain.condition
domain.max
domain.min
domain.strain.rate
FISH
FISH Commands
fish automatic-create command
fish boolean-convert command
fish callback command
fish debug command
fish define command
fish history command
fish list command
fish operator command
fish result command
fish structure command
fish trace command
Geometry
Commands
geometry assign-groups command
geometry copy command
geometry delete command
geometry edge create command
geometry edge delete command
geometry edge export command
geometry edge extra command
geometry edge group command
geometry export command
geometry fill command
geometry generate command
geometry import command
geometry list command
geometry move-to command
geometry node create command
geometry node delete command
geometry node export command
geometry node extra command
geometry node group command
geometry paint-extra command
geometry polygon create command
geometry polygon delete command
geometry polygon export command
geometry polygon extra command
geometry polygon group command
geometry refine command
geometry results command
geometry rotate command
geometry select command
geometry separate command
geometry set command
geometry tessellate command
geometry translate command
geometry triangulate command
FISH Functions
geometry.edge Functions
geom.edge.create
geom.edge.delete
geom.edge.dir
geom.edge.extra
geom.edge.find
geom.edge.group
geom.edge.group.remove
geom.edge.id
geom.edge.isgroup
geom.edge.list
geom.edge.near
geom.edge.next.edge
geom.edge.next.index
geom.edge.node
geom.edge.node.pos
geom.edge.pos
geom.edge.remove
geom.edge.start.index
geom.edge.start.poly
geom.edge.typeid
geometry.node Functions
geom.node.create
geom.node.delete
geom.node.extra
geom.node.find
geom.node.group
geom.node.group.remove
geom.node.id
geom.node.isgroup
geom.node.list
geom.node.near
geom.node.pos
geom.node.remove
geom.node.start.edge
geom.node.start.index
geom.node.typeid
geometry.polygon Functions
geom.poly.add.edge
geom.poly.add.node
geom.poly.area
geom.poly.check
geom.poly.close
geom.poly.create
geom.poly.delete
geom.poly.edge
geom.poly.extra
geom.poly.find
geom.poly.group
geom.poly.group.remove
geom.poly.id
geom.poly.isgroup
geom.poly.list
geom.poly.near
geom.poly.next.index
geom.poly.next.poly
geom.poly.node
geom.poly.normal
geom.poly.pos
geom.poly.remove
geom.poly.size
geom.poly.typeid
geometry.set Functions
geom.set.closest
geom.set.create
geom.set.list
geom.set.delete
geom.set.edge.maxid
geom.set.edge.num
geom.set.find
geom.set.id
geom.set.list
geom.set.maxid
geom.set.name
geom.set.node.maxid
geom.set.node.num
geom.set.num
geom.set.poly.closest
geom.set.poly.maxid
geom.set.poly.num
geom.set.raydist
geom.set.remove
geom.set.typeid
Group
Commands
group.create command
group.list command
group.rename command
group.slot command
Group FISH Functions
group.find
group.find.slot
History
Commands
history delete command
history export command
history interval command
history label command
history list command
history purge command
history REName command
history results command
Model
Commands
model calm command
model clean command
model configure command
model creep command
model cycle command
model deterministic command
model display command
model domain command
model dynamic command
model energy command
model factor-of-safety command
model fluid command
model gravity command
model history command
model large-strain command
model list command
model mechanical command
model new command
model orientation-tracking command
model precision command
model random command
model range command
model restore command
model results command
model save command
model solve command
model step command
model thermal command
model title command
model update-interval command
Plot
Command-Driven Plotting Workflow
Switch/Keyword Options
Color
Color Ramps
Lines
Text
Commands
plot active command
plot background command
plot clear command
plot copy command
plot create command
plot current command
plot delete command
plot export command
plot item command
plot legend command
plot load command
plot movie command
plot outline command
plot print-size command
plot rename command
plot show command
plot title command
plot title-job command
plot update command
plot view command
Program
Commands
program automatic-model-save command
program call command
program continue command
program customer-title-1 command
program customer-title-2 command
program directory command
program echo command
program echo-line command
program encrypt command
program exit command
program floating-point-check command
program license command
program list command
program load command
program log command
program log-file command
program mail command
program notice command
program pagination command
program pause command
program playback command
program quit command
program return command
program stop command
program system command
program threads command
program undo command
program warning command
Project
Commands
project execute command
project list command
project new command
project restore command
project save command
project save-plugins command
Table
Commands
table add command
table clear command
table delete command
table export command
table import command
table insert command
table label command
table list command
table position command
table results command
table sort command
FISH Functions
table
table.as.list
table.clear
table.create
table.delete
table.derivative
table.fft
table.find
table.get
table.id
table.integrate
table.label
table.name
table.size
table.spectrum
table.value
table.x
table.y
Trace
Commands
trace delete command
trace export command
trace interval command
trace list command
trace name command
trace purge command
trace results command
Extra (keyword)
Group (keyword/command word)
A Command Word or A Keyword
Group Logic
Group Rules
Alternate Syntax
Data Hierarchies
Groups vs. Named Ranges
Another Way of Looking At It
List (keyword/command word)
Range (keyword)
The Range Phrase
Logical Operations in a Range Phrase
Named Ranges
Range Phrase Keyword Reference
FISH Functions
range.find
range.isin
Select & Hide (keywords)
Value Modifiers (add, multiply, gradient, & vary keywords)
Deprecated Commands and FISH
Index: Common Commands
Index: Common FISH
3DEC
3DEC Modeling
Introduction
Comparison with Other Methods
General Features
Optional Features
New Features in Version 7.0
Guide to 3DEC Documentation
User Support
Getting Started
Tutorial: Quick Start
Project
Layout
Creating a Model
Creating the Joint Sets
Creating the Wedge Feature
Boundary Conditions
Gravity
Material Properties
Solution
Plot Image Files
Save Initial State
Reduce Joint Friction and Solve
Cross Section
Conclusion
Mechanics of Using 3DEC
Projects and Files
Commands and FISH
Plotting and the Graphical User Interface
Nomenclature
Sign Conventions
System of Units
Problem Solving with 3DEC
Approach and Project Setup
Modeling on a Spectrum
Recommended Steps
Start a Project
Model Generation
Blocks, Joints, and Zones
Creating Single Blocks
Generating Block Assemblies
Generating Blocks from Geometry
Generating Blocks from VRML
Surface Topography and Face Extrusion
Voronoi Block Generation
Block Import/Export
Cutting Blocks
Block Generation: Densify and Octree
Block Quality Metrics
A Note on Tolerance
Zoning 3DEC Blocks
Rigid vs. Deformable
Zone Types
Generating Zones
Importing and Merging
Choice of Constitutive Model
Zones
Overview of Constitutive Models
Selection of an Appropriate Model
The Effect of Water
Ways to Implement Constitutive Models
Joints
Selection of an Appropriate Model
Material Properties
Zone Properties
Mass Density
Intrinsic Deformability Properties
Intrinsic Strength Properties
Post-Failure Properties
Extrapolation to Field-Scale Properties
Spatial Variation and Randomness of Property Distribution
Joint Properties
Contact Material Table
Boundary Conditions
Stress Boundary
Applied Stress Gradient
Changing Boundary Stresses
Checking the Boundary Condition
Cautions and Advice
Displacement Boundary
Real Boundaries – Choosing the Right Type
Artificial Boundaries
Symmetry Planes
Boundary Truncation – Location of the Far-Field Boundary
Initial Conditions
Uniform Stresses in an Unjointed Medium: No Gravity
Stresses with Gradients in an Unjointed Medium: Uniform Material
Stresses with Gradients in a Nonuniform Material
Compaction within a Model with Nonuniform Zoning
Initial Stresses following a Model Change
Stresses in a Jointed Medium
Specifying Initial Pore Pressure
Transferring Field Stresses to Model Stresses
Reaching Equilibrium
Convergence Criteria
Local Maximum Force Ratio
Average Force Ratio
Maximum Force Ratio
Convergence
Choosing Convergence Criteria
Evaluating Equilibrium
Loading and Sequential Modeling
Working with Geometric Data
Geometric Data
Geometry Visualization
Geometry Painting
Geometric Filtering - Geometry Range Elements
Geometry Data and Group Assignment
Working with FISH
Defining a FISH Function
Variables
Using FISH for Custom Calculations
FISH Rules, Syntax, and Statements, Illustrated
Lists
Maps, and Arrays
List Splitting and Filtering
FISH Automatic-Create
Further Information
Exporting 3DEC models
Exporting to FLAC3D
Exporting to PFC
Exporting to UDEC
3DEC Theory and Background
Background — the 3D Distinct Element Method
Aspects of Modeling a Discontinuous System
Computer Programs for Modeling Discontinuous Systems
History of the Distinct Element Method
Numerical Formulation of the Distinct Element Method in 3D
A Scheme to Detect and Represent Contacts in 3D
The Data Structure
Identification of Neighbors
Contact Detection
Interaction between Blocks
Mechanical Calculations for Motion and Interaction in 3D
Calculation Cycle
Sub-contact Force Update
Coulomb-Slip Joint Model
Rigid Block Motion
Deformable Block Motion
Nodal Mixed Discretization for a Tetrahedral Grid
Higher-Order Tetrahedral Elements
Mechanical Damping
Numerical Stability
Mass (Density) Scaling
Partial Mass Density Scaling for Dynamic Analysis
References
Constitutive Models in 3DEC
Block Constitutive Models
Zone Constitutive Models
Creep Material Models
Joint Constitutive Models
Elastic Joint Model
Properties
Mohr-Coulomb Joint Model
Example
Properties
Softening-Healing Mohr-Coulomb Joint Model
Example
Properties
References
Bilinear Mohr-Coulomb Joint Model
Examples
Peak strength test
Normal stress threshold tests
Residual strength test
Dilation test
Properties
Power Law Creeping Joint Model
Example: Direct Shear Test
Data Files
References
Continuously Yielding Joint Model
Example Applications
Properties
References
Nonlinear Joint Model
Example: Normal Loading
Example: Shear Loading
Example: Shear Loading with Non-linear Shear Stiffness
Properties
Writing New Constitutive Models
Structural Elements
Introduction
Rock Reinforcement
Local Reinforcement at Joints (sel reinforcement command)
Axial Behavior
Shear Behavior
Numerical Formulation
Estimation of Active Length
Local Reinforcement Properties
Summary of Commands Associated with Local Reinforcement Elements
Example Application — Reinforced Slope
Hybrid Bolts (sel hybrid command)
Geometry
Hybrid Bolt Properties
Calibration
Influence of Segment Length and Dowel Length
The Calibration Steps
Orientation-Dependent Shear Strength
Effect of Joint Friction Angle on Bolt Load Capacity
HTML Calibration Tool
Summary of Commands Associated with Hybrid Bolts
Example Application: Simple Shear Test
Example Application: Simple Pullout Test
Example Application: Simple Tunnel
Modeling Considerations
Material Properties
Symmetry Conditions
Equilibrium Conditions
Sign Convention
References
Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
Introduction
Pore Pressure and Effective Stress
Introduction
Definitions
Pore Pressure in 3DEC
A Note on Using the block water table Command
No Flow Example
Matrix Fluid Flow
Introduction
3DEC Fluid-Mechanical Formulation – Mathematical Description
Conventions and Definitions
Governing Differential Equations
Balance Laws
Constitutive Laws
Numerical Formulation
Introduction
Saturated Fluid Flow
Finite-Difference Approximation to Space Derivatives
Nodal Formulation of the Mass Balance Equation
Explicit Finite-Difference Formulation
Mechanical Timestep and Numerical Stability
Total Stress Correction
Properties and Units for Fluid Flow Analysis
Permeability Coefficient
Mass Density
Fluid Bulk Modulus
Fluid Modulus and Convergence
Fluid Modulus for Drained and Undrained Analyses
Porosity
Fluid-Flow Boundary Conditions, Initial Conditions, Sources, and Sinks
Calculation Modes for Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
Grid Not Configured for Fluid Flow
Grid Configured for Fluid Flow
Storage, Diffusivity, and Timestep
Flow-Only Calculation
Steady State
Transient
No Flow — Mechanical Generation of Pore Pressure
Coupled Flow and Mechanical Calculations
Fully Coupled Analysis
Uncoupled Analysis
Selection of a Modeling Approach for Fully Coupled Analysis
Verification Examples
Transient Groundwater Flow in a Confined Layer
One-Dimensional Consolidation
Joint Fluid Flow
Introduction
Joint Hydraulics and Parallel Plate Model for Incompressible Flow
Range of Validity of Parallel Plate Model, Hydraulic Aperture, and Mechanical Aperture
Hydromechanically Coupled Fluid-Flow Formulation in Rock Masses
Effect of Pore Pressure on Deformation and Strength
Effect of Mechanical Deformation on Permeability
Effect of Deformation on Pore Pressures
3DEC Joint Model
Constitutive Model and Relevant Properties
Degree of Saturation
Fluid Timestep Size and Numerical Stability
Calculation Modes and Commands for Fluid-Flow Analysis
Fluid-Only Analysis
One-Way Coupling
Undrained
Fully Coupled Hydromechanical Simulation
Definition of Fluid Properties
Solving for Initial State
Running the Coupled Solution
Example
Fast Flow
Leak-off
Considerations for Model Optimization
Representation of a Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) for Fluid Flow Simulations
Geometrical and Topological Model of a Fractured Rock Mass
Introduction
3DEC Geometrical Entities
Fluid Flow Data Structure
Accessing Flow Plane Data
Links between the Solid and Flow Models
Generation of Geometry of the Flow Model
Gas Flow
Implementation
Example
Fluid Discharge and Velocity
References
Proppant
Introduction
Logic Overview
Basic Equations
Proppant Convection
Slurry Viscosity
Numerical Implementation
Transport with No Aperture Change
Transient Term
Advection Term
Mechanical Coupling
Aperture Change with No Transport
Load Carried by the Proppant Pack
Bridging
Proppant Convection
Condition at an Intersection Between Flow Planes
Timestep for Stability
Boundary and Initial Conditions
Examples
Planar Flow
Injection
Bridging
Proppant Settlement
Fluid Flow Properties and Units
Factor-of-Safety Calculation
Energy Calculation
Introduction
Energy Balance
Calculation of Individual Energy Components
Total Boundary Loading Work ((W))
Potential Energy ((U_b))
Kinetic Energy ((U_k))
Damped Energy ((W_k))
Strain Energy Stored in the Rock Mass ((U_c))
Block-Stored Strain Energy ((U_{cb}))
Joint Strain Energy ((U_{cj}))
Strain Energy Content of Excavated Material ((U_m))
Friction Work Done on Joints ((W_j))
Viscous Boundary Work ((W_v))
Energy Dissipation in Blocks through Plastic Work ((W_p))
Energy Dissipated in Backfill Compression
Volume of Excavated Material ((V_m))
Method of Operation in 3DEC
Example: Excavation of a Circular Hole
References
Isolated Block Stability Method
Introduction
Description of the Method
Approach
Equations
Block Equilibrium
Block Movement as a Rigid Body
Joint Constitutive Equations
Linear System
Stability evaluation
Example Applications
Single Block Stability
Parametric Study on Block Stability and Comparison to 3DEC Rigid Blocks
Tunnel with Multiple Blocks
References
Structural Finite Elements
Element Formulation
Notation Conventions
Geometry Mapping
Displacements and Strains
Stresses and Nodal Forces
Gravity Forces
Concentrated Forces
Element Implementation in 3DEC
Contact Forces
Application of Boundary Loads and Velocities
Solution Algorithm
Generation and Use of FE Blocks
Shape Functions and Derivatives
Commands and Keywords for Finite Element Blocks
Verification: Cantilever Beam
Example: Tunnel Liner
Example of Creating a Finite Element Base Model of a Dam in 3DEC
References
3DEC Commands and FISH
Block
Commands
block commands
block analyze-stability command
block apply command
block apply-remove command
block cells command
block copy command
block create command
block cut command
block delete command
block densify command
block dynamic command
block excavate command
block export command
block fill command
block finite-element command
block fix command
block fluid command
block fragment command
block free command
block generate command
block group command
block hide command
block history command
block import command
block initialize command
block insitu command
block join command
block joint-plane command
block list command
block makewall command
block mechanical command
block merge-finish command
block merge-start command
block property command
block skip-join-update command
block thermal command
block to-flac3d command
block to-pfc command
block to-udec command
block tolerance command
block trace command
block update command
block vtk command
block water command
block contact commands
block contact apply command
block contact area-minimum command
block contact compute command
block contact delete-open command
block contact generate-subcontacts command
block contact group command
block contact group-subcontact command
block contact history command
block contact jmodel command
block contact join command
block contact list command
block contact local-stiffness command
block contact material-table command
block contact property command
block contact property-distribution command
block contact record-shear command
block contact reset command
block contact tolerance command
block face commands
block face apply command
block face apply-remove command
block face group command
block face list command
block face triangulate command
block gridpoint commands
block gridpoint apply command
block gridpoint apply-remove command
block gridpoint group command
block gridpoint initialize command
block gridpoint list command
block gridpoint trace command
block zone commands
block zone cmodel command
block zone fluid command
block zone generate command
block zone generate-new command
block zone group command
block zone initialize command
block zone list command
block zone nodal-mixed-discretization command
block zone property command
block zone property-distribution command
block zone size command
block zone thermal command
block zone volume-minimum-delete command
fblock commands
fblock delete command
fblock group command
fblock list command
FISH Functions
block functions
block.area
block.atol
block.btol
block.contactlist
block.convergence
block.ctol
block.damp.alpha
block.damp.beta
block.damp.global
block.damp.local
block.density
block.disp
block.dsf
block.dt.fraction
block.dtol
block.eigen
block.etol
block.excavated
block.extra
block.facelist
block.feb.elementlist
block.feb.facelist
block.find
block.fix
block.fluid.bulk
block.fluid.cohesion
block.fluid.density
block.fluid.htc
block.fluid.specheat
block.fluid.thermcond
block.fluid.viscosity
block.fluid.vol.unbal.av
block.fluid.vol.unbal.max
block.force.app
block.force.unbal
block.freefield
block.fromindex
block.gas.alpha
block.gas.bulkmin
block.gas.constant
block.gas.densmin
block.gplist
block.group
block.group.remove
block.head
block.hidden
block.id
block.index
block.inside
block.isgroup
block.list
block.mass
block.master
block.mech.ratio
block.mech.ratio.avg
block.mech.ratio.max
block.moi
block.moitensor
block.moment
block.ms
block.msnext
block.near
block.next
block.num
block.pos
block.proppant.conclimit
block.proppant.density
block.proppant.grainsize
block.proppant.grainsize.factor
block.proppant.modulus
block.proppant.perm
block.proppant.perm.factor
block.region
block.rigid
block.rvel
block.thermal.conductivity
block.thermal.diffusivity
block.thermal.grid.n12
block.thermal.grid.n23
block.thermal.grid.num
block.thermal.grid.point
block.thermal.grid.source
block.thermal.grid.strength
block.thermal.grid.tstart
block.thermal.line.n12
block.thermal.line.num
block.thermal.line.point
block.thermal.line.source
block.thermal.line.strength
block.thermal.line.tstart
block.thermal.point
block.thermal.point.num
block.thermal.point.source
block.thermal.point.strength
block.thermal.point.tstart
block.thermal.source.components
block.thermal.decay.fraction
block.thermal.source.fraction
block.thermal.source.num
block.unbal
block.vel
block.vol
block.wall
block.zonelist
block.contact functions
block.contact.b1
block.contact.b2
block.contact.dfnid
block.contact.energy.fric
block.contact.energy.strain.comp
block.contact.energy.strain.shear
block.contact.energy.strain.tensile
block.contact.energy.strain.total
block.contact.excavated
block.contact.extra
block.contact.fb1
block.contact.fb2
block.contact.fid
block.contact.find
block.contact.flowplane
block.contact.fromindex
block.contact.group
block.contact.group.remove
block.contact.head
block.contact.hidden
block.contact.id
block.contact.index
block.contact.isgroup
block.contact.jset
block.contact.list
block.contact.near
block.contact.next
block.contact.normal
block.contact.num
block.contact.pos
block.contact.subcontactlist
block.contact.type
block.subcontact functions
block.subcontact.apini
block.subcontact.area
block.subcontact.b1
block.subcontact.b2
block.subcontact.contact
block.subcontact.dfnid
block.subcontact.disp.norm
block.subcontact.disp.shear
block.subcontact.disp.shear.max
block.subcontact.edgegp
block.subcontact.energy
block.subcontact.energy.total
block.subcontact.excavated
block.subcontact.extra
block.subcontact.face
block.subcontact.fid
block.subcontact.find
block.subcontact.flowplane.vertex
block.subcontact.flowplane.zone
block.subcontact.force.norm
block.subcontact.force.pp
block.subcontact.force.shear
block.subcontact.fromindex
block.subcontact.gp
block.subcontact.group
block.subcontact.group.remove
block.subcontact.hidden
block.subcontact.id
block.subcontact.index
block.subcontact.isgroup
block.subcontact.list
block.subcontact.model
block.subcontact.near
block.subcontact.near.list
block.subcontact.next
block.subcontact.num
block.subcontact.partner
block.subcontact.pos
block.subcontact.pp
block.subcontact.prop
block.subcontact.sratio
block.subcontact.state
block.subcontact.state.string
block.subcontact.stress.norm
block.subcontact.stress.shear
block.subcontact.type
block.subcontact.vel.shear
block.face functions
block.face.area
block.face.bface
block.face.excavated
block.face.extra
block.face.fblock
block.face.fid
block.face.find
block.face.flowplane
block.face.fos.kinematic
block.face.fromindex
block.face.gp
block.face.gplist
block.face.group
block.face.group.remove
block.face.hidden
block.face.hostblock
block.face.id
block.face.index
block.face.isgroup
block.face.jset
block.face.list
block.face.next
block.face.ngp
block.face.normal
block.face.original
block.face.planar
block.face.pos
block.face.sreg
block.face.zone
block.gp functions
block.gp.convergence
block.gp.bc
block.gp.bc.norm
block.gp.bc.x
block.gp.bc.y
block.gp.bc.z
block.gp.disp
block.gp.dsf
block.gp.extra
block.gp.fblock
block.gp.find
block.gp.flowknot
block.gp.flux
block.gp.flux.app
block.gp.force.app
block.gp.force.reaction
block.gp.force.unbal
Component Access
block.gp.fromindex
block.gp.gplinks
block.gp.group
block.gp.group.remove
block.gp.hostblock
block.gp.id
block.gp.index
block.gp.isgroup
block.gp.linkzones
block.gp.list
block.gp.mass
block.gp.mass.dynamic
block.gp.mass.thermal
block.gp.near
block.gp.near.list
block.gp.next
block.gp.num
block.gp.pos
block.gp.pp
block.gp.ratio
block.gp.ratio.target
block.gp.stiffness
block.gp.temp
block.gp.vel
block.gp.vel.app
block.zone functions
block.zone.condition
block.zone.containing
block.zone.discharge
block.zone.dt.fraction
block.zone.excavated
block.zone.extra
block.zone.face.area
block.zone.face.gp
block.zone.face.normal
block.zone.face.pos
block.zone.find
block.zone.fromindex
block.zone.geo_metric
block.zone.gp
block.zone.group
block.zone.group.remove
block.zone.hidden
block.zone.hostblock
block.zone.isgroup
block.zone.join
block.zone.list
block.zone.mass
block.zone.model
block.zone.near
block.zone.next
block.zone.nmd
block.zone.num
block.zone.plane.traction
block.zone.pos
block.zone.pp
block.zone.prop
block.zone.prop.thermal
block.zone.strain.rotation.inc
block.zone.strain.rotation.rate
block.zone.state
block.zone.strain.inc
block.zone.strain.rate
block.zone.strain.shear.inc
block.zone.strain.shear.rate
block.zone.strain.total
block.zone.strain.vol.inc
block.zone.strain.vol.rate
block.zone.stress
block.zone.stress.effective
block.zone.stress.int
block.zone.stress.max
block.zone.stress.min
block.zone.stress.prin
block.zone.stress.prin.dir
block.zone.vol
block.fragment functions
block.fragment.aspect
block.fragment.blocks
block.fragment.id
block.fragment.list
block.fragment.volume
block.field functions
block.field.component
block.field.effective
block.field.extra
block.field.get
block.field.get.gp
block.field.hide.exc
block.field.index
block.field.init
block.field.method.index
block.field.method.name
block.field.name
block.field.power
block.field.prop
block.field.quantity
block.field.radius.ratio
block.field.reset
block.field.source
block.field.tol
fblock functions
fblock.contact
fblock.excavated
fblock.face
fblock.find
fblock.fromindex
fblock.gplist
fblock.group
fblock.isgroup
fblock.group.remove
fblock.head
fblock.hidden
fblock.hostblock
fblock.hostface
fblock.index
fblock.list
fblock.next
fblock.pos
FEBlock
Commands
feblock commands
feblock generate command
feblock gravity command
feblock list command
FISH Functions
feblock functions
feblock.adjacent
feblock.block
feblock.gauss.pos
feblock.gauss.state
feblock.gauss.stress
feblock.gplist
feblock.group
feblock.group.remove
feblock.index
feblock.isgroup
feblock.material
feblock.next
feblock.pos
feblock.type
feblock.face functions
feblock.face.group
feblock.face.group.remove
feblock.face.hostblock
feblock.face.index
feblock.face.isgroup
feblock.face.next
feblock.face.normal
feblock.face.number
feblock.face.pos
Flow
Commands
flowknot commands
flowknot apply command
flowknot apply-remove command
flowknot fix command
flowknot free command
flowknot group command
flowknot hide command
flowknot history command
flowknot initialize command
flowknot list command
flowknot property command
flowknot volume-minimum command
flowplane commands
flowplane active command
flowplane area-minimum command
flowplane group command
flowplane hide command
flowplane list command
flowplane property command
flowplane edge commands
flowplane edge apply command
flowplane edge apply-remove command
flowplane edge list command
flowplane vertex commands
flowplane vertex group command
flowplane vertex history command
flowplane vertex initialize command
flowplane vertex list command
flowplane vertex property command
flowplane zone commands
flowplane zone area-minimum command
flowplane zone edge-minimum command
flowplane zone group command
flowplane zone list command
FISH Functions
flowknot functions
flowknot.area
flowknot.bulk
flowknot.extra
flowknot.find
flowknot.fix.fluid
flowknot.fix.proppant
flowknot.fix.thermal
flowknot.flux.fluid.app
flowknot.flux.thermal
flowknot.flux.thermal.app
flowknot.flux.thermal.unbal
flowknot.fromindex
flowknot.group
flowknot.group.remove
flowknot.head
flowknot.htc
flowknot.id
flowknot.index
flowknot.isgroup
flowknot.list
flowknot.near
flowknot.next
flowknot.pos
flowknot.pp
flowknot.propin.mass
flowknot.propin.vol
flowknot.stiffness
flowknot.temp
flowknot.timestep
flowknot.trans
flowknot.vol
flowknot.vol.unbal
flowknot.vol.unbal.max
flowplane functions
flowplane.area
flowplane.contact
flowplane.extra
flowplane.find
flowplane.fromindex
flowplane.group
flowplane.group.remove
flowplane.head
flowplane.id
flowplane.index
flowplane.isgroup
flowplane.list
flowplane.local1
flowplane.local2
flowplane.next
flowplane.pos
flowplane.prop
flowplane.vertexlist
flowplane.zonelist
flowplane.vertex functions
flowplane.vertex.aperture.hydraulic
flowplane.vertex.aperture.mech
flowplane.vertex.area
flowplane.vertex.extra
flowplane.vertex.find
flowplane.vertex.flowplane
flowplane.vertex.fromindex
flowplane.vertex.group
flowplane.vertex.group.remove
flowplane.vertex.id
flowplane.vertex.index
flowplane.vertex.isgroup
flowplane.vertex.knot
flowplane.vertex.list
flowplane.vertex.local1
flowplane.vertex.local2
flowplane.vertex.next
flowplane.vertex.pos
flowplane.vertex.property
flowplane.vertex.proppant.mconc
flowplane.vertex.proppant.thick
flowplane.vertex.proppant.vconc
flowplane.vertex.subcontact1
flowplane.vertex.subcontact2
flowplane.vertex.visc
flowplane.vertex.weight1
flowplane.vertex.weight2
flowplane.zone functions
flowplane.zone.area
flowplane.zone.discharge
flowplane.zone.extra
flowplane.zone.find
flowplane.zone.flowplane
flowplane.zone.fromindex
flowplane.zone.group
flowplane.zone.group.remove
flowplane.zone.id
flowplane.zone.index
flowplane.zone.isgroup
flowplane.zone.list
flowplane.zone.next
flowplane.zone.pos
flowplane.zone.velocity
flowplane.zone.vertex
SEL (Structural Element)
Commands
sel hybrid commands
sel hybrid change command
sel hybrid create command
sel hybrid delete command
sel hybrid group command
sel hybrid history command
sel hybrid list command
sel hybrid node command
sel hybrid property command
sel hybrid update command
sel node commands
sel node group command
sel node mass-multiplier command
sel node property command
sel reinforcement commands
sel reinforcement create command
sel reinforcement group command
sel reinforcement history command
sel reinforcement list command
sel reinforcement property command
FISH Functions
sel.hybrid functions
sel.hybrid.area
sel.hybrid.collection
sel.hybrid.dir
sel.hybrid.dowel.dis
sel.hybrid.dowel.force
sel.hybrid.dowel.group
sel.hybrid.dowel.group.remove
sel.hybrid.dowel.isgroup
sel.hybrid.dowel.length
sel.hybrid.dowel.norm
sel.hybrid.dowel.pos
sel.hybrid.dowel.sfactor
sel.hybrid.dowel.state
sel.hybrid.dowel.strain
sel.hybrid.dowellist
sel.hybrid.extra
sel.hybrid.find
sel.hybrid.force.axial
sel.hybrid.force.thermal
sel.hybrid.fromindex
sel.hybrid.group
sel.hybrid.group.remove
sel.hybrid.grout.cohesion
sel.hybrid.grout.friction
sel.hybrid.grout.perimeter
sel.hybrid.grout.stiffness
sel.hybrid.head
sel.hybrid.id
sel.hybrid.index
sel.hybrid.isgroup
sel.hybrid.length
sel.hybrid.list
sel.hybrid.material
sel.hybrid.material.num
sel.hybrid.next
sel.hybrid.node
sel.hybrid.pos
sel.hybrid.rupture.tension
sel.hybrid.state
sel.hybrid.strain.axial
sel.hybrid.stress.axial
sel.hybrid.yield.compression
sel.hybrid.yield.tension
sel.hybrid.young
sel.node functions
sel.node.along
sel.node.attach
sel.node.bond
sel.node.collection
sel.node.dis
sel.node.extra
sel.node.find
sel.node.fix
sel.node.force
sel.node.force.app
sel.node.force.shear
sel.node.fromindex
sel.node.group
sel.node.group.remove
sel.node.head
sel.node.id
sel.node.index
sel.node.isgroup
sel.node.length
sel.node.list
sel.node.mass
sel.node.material
sel.node.matnum
sel.node.near
sel.node.next
sel.node.pos
sel.node.vel
sel.reinforcement functions
sel.reinforcement.b1
sel.reinforcement.b2
sel.reinforcement.collection
sel.reinforcement.dir
sel.reinforcement.disp.axial
sel.reinforcement.disp.shear
sel.reinforcement.extra
sel.reinforcement.face1
sel.reinforcement.face2
sel.reinforcement.find
sel.reinforcement.force.axial
sel.reinforcement.force.shear
sel.reinforcement.fromindex
sel.reinforcement.group
sel.reinforcement.group.remove
sel.reinforcement.halflength
sel.reinforcement.id
sel.reinforcement.index
sel.reinforcement.isgroup
sel.reinforcement.list
sel.reinforcement.material.num
sel.reinforcement.next
sel.reinforcement.pos
sel.reinforcement.rupture.shear
sel.reinforcement.rupture.tension
sel.reinforcement.state
sel.reinforcement.stiffness.axial
sel.reinforcement.stiffness.shear
sel.reinforcement.strain.axial
sel.reinforcement.strain.shear
sel.reinforcement.yield.shear
sel.reinforcement.yield.tension
Options
Thermal Option
Numerical Thermal Formulation
Introduction
Heat Conduction
Introduction
Mathematical Model Description
Numerical Formulation
Solving Thermal-Only and Thermal-Mechanical Problems
Heat Convection
Introduction
Mathematical Model Description
Numerical Formulation
Stability and Accuracy
Solving Thermal Convection Problems
Input Instructions for Thermal Analysis
3DEC Commands
Systems of Units for Thermal Analysis
Verification Examples
Conduction in a Plane Sheet
Heating of a Hollow Cylinder
Infinite Line Heat Source in an Infinite Medium
One-Dimensional Thermal Transport by Conduction and Convection
Application Examples
Thermal Convection in a Fracture at Depth
Analytical Thermal Formulation
Introduction
Theory
The Temperature Due to a Distribution of Heat Sources
Boundary Conditions
Thermally Induced Stress Changes
Application in 3DEC
Input Commands
Verification
A Single Non-decaying Point Heat Source
Superposition of Several Non-decaying Sources
Lines and Grids of Sources
Decaying Sources
Thermomechanical Effects
An Example Problem – Waste Repository Drift Model
References
Dynamic Analysis
Damping
Rayleigh Damping
Example of Different Damping Techniques
Guidelines for Selecting Rayleigh Damping Parameters for Dynamic Analysis
Maxwell Damping
Formulation
Standard Linear Solid
Full Maxwell Damping Scheme
User Inputs and Maxwell Component Properties
Explicit Algorithm
Implicit Algorithm
Verification Problem
Verification problem: Maxwell damping in 3DEC
Rigid Blocks
Deformable Block
Deformable Blocks with Joints
Natural Modes of Oscillation
Example Problems (from Cundall et al. (1979), pp. 71-73)
Wave Transmission
Partial Density Scaling for Dynamic Analysis
Example of Partial Density Scaling
Boundary Conditions
Nonreflecting Boundaries
Free-Field Boundaries
Example Using Dynamic Free Field
Application of Dynamic Input
Baseline Correction of Input Histories
Calculation of Natural Frequencies and Modes of Vibration
Rigid Block Example
Deformable Block Example
Verification Examples
Slip on a Joint Induced by a Propagating Harmonic Shear Wave
Problem Statement
Analytic Solution
Material Properties
Dynamic Loading
Results
Line Source in an Infinite Elastic Medium with a Discontinuity
Problem Statement
Analytic Solution
Model Setup
Properties of Joints and Continuous Medium
Dynamic Loading
Results
References
C++ Option
Writing New Joint Constitutive Models
Methodology
Base Class for Joint Constitutive Models
Member Functions
Registration of Models
Information Passed between Model and Program during Cycling
State Indicators of Subcontacts
Implementation
Utility Structures
Example Constitutive Model
initialize() and run() functions
FISH Support for Constitutive Models
Creating User-Written Model DLLs
Using the Template
Loading and Running User-Written Model DLLs
Programmer’s Interface
Examples
Verification Problems & Example Applications
Sliding Wedge
Falling Wedge
Block with a Slipping Crack under Cyclic Loading
Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Elastic Medium
Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Medium
Rough Square Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
Stability of an Open Pit in a Jointed Rock Mass
Assessment of Fault Slip Potential from Sill Pillar Mining
Highway Loading of an Arch Bridge
Hydraulic Fracture
Hydraulic Fracture with DFN
Excavation in a Saturated Soil
Flying Buttress
Flemish Wall
Discrete Fracture Network (Advanced)
Finite Element Dam
Open Pit with Face Blocks
Open Pit with Octree Blocking
Geometries
Zoning and Properites
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Excavation
Painting
Sliding and Toppling Blocks
Supported Tunnel
UCS Test with Fragmentation
UCS Test with Voronoi Blocks
Rockmass Integration
Lined Circular Tunnel in an Elastic Medium with Anisotropic Stresses
Tutorial: Braced Support of a Vertical Excavation
Example: Ring Support of a Jointed Tunnel
Cable-Reinforced Beam
Example: Pull-Test for a Grouted Cable Anchor
Advancing Lined Tunnel (Slip at Liner-Soil Interface)
Demonstration of Large-Strain Sliding
Simple Test of Liner-Block Interface Behavior
Liner-Reinforced Beam
Structural Liner in Jointed Tunnel
Example: Shear and tension test for rockbolt crossing a joint
Simple Shear Test
Simple Tension Test
Index: 3DEC Commands
Index: 3DEC FISH
3DEC 7.0 for 5.2 Users
Command and FISH Syntax
Materials
Large Strain
FISH
New Features in Version 7.0
Commands and Scripting
Plotting and User Interface
Model Building
Hybrid Bolts
Miscellaneous
Conversion of 5.2 and older Data Files
Command and FISH Maps
3DEC 5.2 to 7.0 Commands Map
3DEC 5.2 to 7.0 FISH Map
Scripting
FISH Scripting Reference
FISH Rules and Usage
Lines
Data Types
Strings
Pointers
Vectors
Tensors
Matrices
Lists
Appending to a list
Prepending to a list
Inserting into a list
Maps
Structures
Arrays
Reserved Names for Functions and Variables
Scope of Variables
Functions: Structure, Evaluation and Calling Scheme
Operators, Assignment, Conversions, and Member Access
Executing FISH: Inline FISH or FISH Fragments
Splitting: Automatic Execution of Functions on Type Contents
List Filtering
Splitting on Assignment
Splitting and Multithreading
Conclusion and Tips
Operators: Multi-threaded function support
Redefining FISH Functions
FISH Error Handling
FISH Callback Events
FISH Debugging
FISH Statements
Caseof - Case - Endcase
Command - EndCommand
Define - End
Exit
Global
If - Else If - Else - EndIf
Local
Lock
Loop - EndLoop
Indexed Loop
While Loop
For Loop
ForEach Loop
Loop Control Statements
Return
Section - EndSection
Struct - Structure
FISH Commands
fish automatic-create command
fish boolean-convert command
fish callback command
fish debug command
fish define command
fish history command
fish list command
fish operator command
fish result command
fish structure command
fish trace command
FISH Functions
creep process utilities
creep.active
creep.cycle
creep.safety.factor
creep.solve
creep.step
creep.time.total
creep.timestep
creep.timestep.given
creep.timestep.max
dynamic process utilities
dynamic.active
dynamic.cycle
dynamic.safety.factor
dynamic.solve
dynamic.step
dynamic.time.total
dynamic.timestep
dynamic.timestep.given
dynamic.timestep.max
file utilities
file.all
file.close
file.delete
file.end
file.exist
file.name
file.open
file.open.check
file.pos
file.read
file.rename
file.size
file.write
fluid process utilities
fluid.active
fluid.cycle
fluid.safety.factor
fluid.solve
fluid.step
fluid.time.total
fluid.timestep
fluid.timestep.given
fluid.timestep.max
global utilities
global.cycle
global.deterministic
global.dim
global.fos
global.gravity
global.step
global.threads
global.timestep
global.title
io utilities
io.dialog.in
io.dialog.message
io.dialog.notify
io.in
io.input
io.out
mail utilities
mail.account
mail.attachment.add
mail.attachment.delete
mail.body
mail.clear
mail.domain
mail.from
mail.host
mail.password
mail.port
mail.recipient.add
mail.recipient.delete
mail.send
mail.subject
math utilities
math.aangle.to.euler
math.abs
math.acos
math.and
math.area.intersect.poly.poly
math.area.poly
math.asin
math.atan
math.atan2
math.bound
math.ceiling
math.choose
math.closest.segment.point
math.closest.triangle.point
math.cos
math.cosh
math.cross
math.ddir.from.normal
math.degrad
math.dip.from.normal
math.dist.segment.point
math.dist.segment.segment
math.dist.triangle.segment
math.dot
math.erf
math.erfc
math.euler.to.aangle
math.exp
math.expint
math.floor
math.gamma
math.in.range
math.ln
math.log
math.lshift
math.mag
math.mag2
math.max
math.min
math.normal.from.dip
math.normal.from.dip.ddir
math.not
math.or
math.outer.product
math.pi
math.random.gauss
math.random.uniform
math.round
math.rshift
math.sgn
math.sin
math.sinh
math.sqrt
math.tan
math.tanh
math.triangle.inside
math.triangle.interp
math.unit
mechanical process utilities
mech.active
mech.cycle
mech.safety.factor
mech.solve
mech.step
mech.time.total
mech.timestep
mech.timestep.given
mech.timestep.max
socket utilities
socket.close
socket.create
socket.delete
socket.open
socket.read
socket.read.array
socket.write
socket.write.array
system utilities
system.beep
system.clone
system.command
system.directory
system.directory.absolute
system.directory.create
system.directory.current
system.directory.delete
system.directory.list
system.directory.relative
system.environment
system.error
system.os
system.sleep
thermal process utilities
thermal.active
thermal.age
thermal.cycle
thermal.safety.factor
thermal.solve
thermal.step
thermal.time.analytical
thermal.timestep
thermal.timestep.given
thermal.timestep.max
time utilities
time.clock
time.cpu
time.kernel
time.real
Value Type utilities
array utilities
array.copy
array.delete
array.dim
array.size
Constructors
array
boolean
false
float
index
int
list
map
matrix
null
string
tensor
true
vector
list utilities
list.append
list.at
list.concatenate
list.count
list.create
list.extend
list.find.index
list.insert
list.insert.list
list.max
list.min
list.prepend
list.range
list.resize
list.reverse
list.separate
list.sequence
list.size
list.sort
list.sum
map utilities
map.add
map.add.list
map.has
map.keys
map.merge
map.remove
map.size
map.value
map.value.all
matrix utilities
matrix.cols
matrix.det
matrix.from.axis.angle
matrix.from.euler
matrix.identity
matrix.inverse
matrix.lubksb
matrix.ludcmp
matrix.rows
matrix.to.axis.angle
matrix.to.euler
matrix.transpose
memory utilities
memory
memory.create
memory.delete
memory.fortran.float
memory.fortran.index
memory.fortran.integer
memory.offset
memory.size
string utilities
string.build
string.compare
string.csv.from
string.csv.to
string.file.ext
string.file.name
string.file.path
string.find
string.find.regex
string.join
string.len
string.lower
string.match.regex
string.replace
string.replace.regex
string.simplify
string.split
string.split.regex
string.sub
string.token
string.token.type
string.type
string.upper
structure utilities
structure.check
structure.name
structure.from.map
tensor utilities
tensor.i2
tensor.j2
tensor.prin
tensor.prin.dir
tensor.prin.from
tensor.total
tensor.trace
type utilities
type
type.index
type.name
type.pointer
type.pointer.id
type.pointer.name
version utilities
code.name
version.code.major
version.code.minor
version.fish.major
version.fish.minor
FISH Type Index
Python Scripting
Python Introduction
Introduction to Python Programming
IPython Console
Basic Types
Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries
Tuples
Dictionaries
Defining Functions
Error Handling in Python.
Object-Oriented Programming
Interactive Documentation
Example File
basic_python.py
Frequently Asked Questions
Which Python extension modules are supported?
Can I use other Python extension modules with PFC or FLAC3D or 3DEC?
Is Python faster?
Can I use the IPython Notebook (or Jupyter) with Itasca Software?
3DEC Python
Using Python with 3DEC
Working with 3DEC block
Working with 3DEC Zone
Working with 3DEC vertex
Working with Contact and Subcontact
Extra variables
Using 3DEC Groups
Running parameter studies
Handling 3DEC errors
Python Type System
Python Callback Functions
Example File
python_3dec.py
3DEC-Python API
block
Block
contact
Contact
contactarray
face
Face
facearray
gridpoint
Gridpoint
gridpointarray
subcontact
Subcontact
subcontactarray
zone
Zone
zonearray
blockarray
flowknot
Flowknot
flowknotarray
flowplane
Flowplane
vertex
Vertex
vertexarray
zone
Zone
zonearray
flowplanearray
sel
beam
Beam
beamarray
cable
Cable
cablearray
liner
Liner
linerarray
node
Node
nodearray
reinforcement
Reinforcement
reinforcementarray
FLAC3D Python
Using Python with FLAC3D
Working with FLAC3D Zones
Working with FLAC3D Zones Properties
Working with FLAC3D gridpoints
Working with Structural Elements
Extra variables
Using FLAC3D Groups and Applying Boundary Conditions
Running parameter studies
Handling FLAC3D errors
Inspecting the FLAC3D model geometry
Python Type System
Python Callback Functions
Example File
python_flac3d.py
Array Style Programming with FLAC3D and NumPy
Zone array functions
Mask Arrays
FLAC3D Groups and Mask Arrays
Gridpoint Array Functions
FLAC3D Model Geometry Array Data
Example File
flac3d_array_interface.py
Recording Peak Particle Velocity
Saving and Restoring Python Data in FLAC3D Save Files
Data analysis using numpy and matplotlib
Example File
ppv.py
FLAC3D-Python API
attach
Attach
gridpoint
Gridpoint
gridpointarray
vertexarray
zone
Zone
zonearray
PFC Python
Using Python with PFC
Python Type System
Python Callback Functions
Example File
python_pfc.py
Array Style Programming with PFC and NumPy
Scalar Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
Ball Creation
Example File
array_interface.py
UCS Test With Imported Geometry
Example File
test_ucs.py
Using SciPy and Other Third-party Python Packages
Example File
using_scipy.py
GUI Programming with PySide
Example File
gui_example.py
PFC-Python API
BallBallContact
BallBallThermalContact
BallFacetContact
BallFacetThermalContact
BallPebbleContact
BallPebbleThermalContact
BallRBlockContact
PebbleFacetContact
PebbleFacetThermalContact
PebblePebbleContact
PebblePebbleThermalContact
PebbleRBlockContact
RBlockFacetContact
RBlockRBlockContact
ball
Ball
cfd
CFDBall
thermal
ThermalBall
ballarray
ballballarray
ballfacetarray
ballpebblearray
ballrblockarray
cfdarray
clump
Clump
cfd
CFDClump
pebble
pebble
Pebble
template
Template
thermal
ThermalClump
pebble
clumparray
contact
Contact
element
cfd
CFDElement
facetarray
measure
Measure
pebblearray
pebblefacetarray
pebblepebblearray
pebblerblockarray
rblock
RBlock
template
Template
rblockarray
rblockfacetarray
rblockrblockarray
wall
Wall
facet
Facet
thermal
ThermalWall
facet
vertex
Vertex
wallarray
Itasca (Common) API
itasca
BallBallContact
BallBallThermalContact
BallFacetContact
BallFacetThermalContact
BallPebbleContact
BallPebbleThermalContact
BallRBlockContact
PebbleFacetContact
PebbleFacetThermalContact
PebblePebbleContact
PebblePebbleThermalContact
PebbleRBlockContact
RBlockFacetContact
RBlockRBlockContact
attach
Attach
ball
Ball
cfd
CFDBall
thermal
ThermalBall
ballarray
ballballarray
ballfacetarray
ballpebblearray
ballrblockarray
block
Block
contact
Contact
contactarray
face
Face
facearray
gridpoint
Gridpoint
gridpointarray
subcontact
Subcontact
subcontactarray
zone
Zone
zonearray
blockarray
cfdarray
clump
Clump
cfd
CFDClump
pebble
pebble
Pebble
template
Template
thermal
ThermalClump
pebble
clumparray
contact
Contact
dfn
DFN
fracture
Fracture
inter
Inter
setinter
Setinter
template
Template
vertex
Vertex
element
cfd
CFDElement
facetarray
fish
flowknot
Flowknot
flowknotarray
flowplane
Flowplane
vertex
Vertex
vertexarray
zone
Zone
zonearray
flowplanearray
gridpoint
Gridpoint
gridpointarray
history
History
interface
Interface
element
Element
node
Node
interfacearray
interfaceelementarray
interfacenodearray
measure
Measure
pebblearray
pebblefacetarray
pebblepebblearray
pebblerblockarray
rblock
RBlock
template
Template
rblockarray
rblockfacetarray
rblockrblockarray
sel
beam
Beam
beamarray
cable
Cable
cablearray
liner
Liner
linerarray
node
Node
nodearray
reinforcement
Reinforcement
reinforcementarray
structure
Beam
Cable
Geogrid
Liner
Pile
Shell
link
Link
node
Node
util
FLAC3D_Connection
FLAC_Connection
FishBinaryReader
FishBinaryWriter
PFC2D_Connection
PFC3D_Connection
UDECFishBinaryReader
UDECFishBinaryWriter
UDEC_Connection
p2pLinkClient
p2pLinkServer
vertexarray
wall
Wall
facet
Facet
thermal
ThermalWall
facet
vertex
Vertex
wallarray
zone
Zone
zonearray
vec
stens2
stens3
tens3
vec2
vec3
FLAC3D
FLAC3D Modeling
Introduction
Overview
The Lagrangian Finite Volume Grid
Nomenclature
FLAC3D Features
Features
Optional Features
Modeling Physical Processes and Interactions
New Features in Version 7.0
New Features in Version 6.0
Comparison with Other Methods
Fields of Application
Guide to the FLAC3D Documentation
User Support
About Itasca Consulting Group Inc.
Tutorials
Tutorial: Quick Start
Tutorial: Illustrative Model — Mechanics of Using FLAC3D
Create a New Project
In the Interface
Generate the Grid
Further Discussion: Meshing With Primitives
In the Interface
Create Model Groups
Further Discussion: Model Groups
In the Interface
Specifying Models, Boundaries, and Initial Conditions
Further Discussion: Assigning a Constitutive Model
Further Discussion: Applying Boundary Conditions
Further Discussion: Specifying Initial Conditions
Step to Equilibrium
Further Discussion: Step to Equilibrium
In the Interface
Alter Model: Excavation
Further Discussion: Performing Alterations
Examine Model: Plotting
In the Interface
Further Alterations: Support
Further Discussion: Using Save/Restore and Staged Modeling
Project Finishing
In the Interface: Finishing
Tutorial: Working with FISH
Defining a FISH Function
Variables
Using FISH for Custom Calculations
FISH Rules, Syntax, and Statements, Illustrated
Lists
Maps, and Arrays
List Splitting and Filtering
FISH Automatic-Create
Further Information
Problem Solving with FLAC3D
Approach and Project Setup
Modeling on a Spectrum
Recommended Steps
Start a Project
Grid Generation
Primitive-Based Grids
Overview of the Grid Primitives
Connecting Adjoining Primitive Shapes
Fitting the Grid to Simple Shapes
Grid Generation with FISH
Extrusion-Based Grids
Create a Set
Define the 2D Geometry
Zoning and Other Operations
Define the Extrusion
Building Blocks-Based Grids
Create a Building Blocks Set
Snap Blocks Together
Refinement Operations and Utilities
Zoning
Grids from Outside FLAC3D
Grids from Rhino/Griddle
Grid Generation: Additional Facilities
Densifying Grids
Geometry-Based Densification: Octree Meshing
Surface Topography and Layering
Identifying Regions of the Model
Groups and Slots
Using the Group Range Element
Select and Hide
Using the Model Pane
Objects in the Model Pane
Visualizing Objects
Selection
Groups
Additional Commands
Working with Geometric Data
Geometric Data
Geometry Visualization
Geometry Painting
Geometric Filtering - Geometry Range Elements
Geometry Data and Group Assignment
Choice of Constitutive Model
Overview of Constitutive Models
The Constitutive Models in FLAC3D
Selection of an Appropriate Model
The Effect of Water
Ways to Implement Constitutive Models
Material Properties
Intrinsic Deformability Properties
Intrinsic Strength Properties
Post-Failure Properties
Extrapolation to Field-Scale Properties
Spatial Variation and Randomness of Property Distribution
Boundary Conditions
Stress Boundary
Applied Stress Gradients
Changing Boundary Stress
Cautions and Advice
Displacement Boundary
Local System and Applied Velocities
Surface Corners and Velocity Boundaries
Fix vs Apply
Reaction Forces
Nonuniform Velocities
Real Boundaries — Choosing the Right Type
Artificial Boundaries
Symmetry Planes
Boundary Truncation
Initial Conditions
Uniform Stresses — No Gravity
Stresses with Gradients — Uniform Material
Stresses with Gradients — Nonuniform Material
Stress Initialization in a Nonuniform Material
Compaction within a Nonuniform Grid
Initial Stresses following a Model Change
Stress and Pore-Pressure Initialization with a Phreatic Surface
Initialization of Velocities
Reaching Equilibrium
Convergence Criteria
Maximum Out-of-Balance Force
Local Maximum Force Ratio
Average Force Ratio
Maximum Force Ratio
Convergence
Ratio
Choosing Convergence Criteria
Evaluating Equilibrium
Effects of Large Stiffness Differences
Loading and Sequential Modeling
Example: Loading on Three Tunnels
Structural Support
Interfaces
Tips and Advice
1. Check Model Runtime
2. Effects on Runtime
3. Considerations for Zoning Density
4. Automatic Detection of an Equilibrium State
5. Considerations for Selecting Damping
6. Check Model Response
7. Initializing Variables
8. Minimizing Transient Effects on Static Analysis
9. Changing Material Models
10. Running Problems with In-Situ Field Stresses and Gravity
11. Determining Collapse Loads
12. Determining Factor of Safety
13. Use Bulk and Shear Moduli
FLAC3D Runtime Benchmark
Interpretation
Unbalanced Force and Convergence
Gridpoint Velocities
Plastic Indicators
Histories
Project Completion
References
FLAC3D Theory and Background
Theoretical Background
Formulation of a 3D Explicit Finite Volume Model
Mathematical Model Description
Conventions
Stress
Rate of Strain and Rate of Rotation
Equations of Motion and Equilibrium
Boundary and Initial Conditions
Constitutive Equations
Numerical Formulation
Finite Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
Nodal Formulation of the Equations of Motion
Explicit Finite Difference Approximation to Time Derivatives
Constitutive Equations in Incremental Form
Large- and Small-Strain Modes
Mechanical Timestep Determination for Numerical Stability
Mechanical Damping
Local Nonviscous Damping
Combined Damping
Grid Discretization
Mixed Discretization for a Hexahedral Grid
Nodal Mixed Discretization for a Tetrahedral Grid
Numerical Implementation
Body Discretization
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Main Calculation Steps
Strain-Rate Calculation
Stress Calculation
Nodal Mass Calculation
Out-of-Balance Force Calculation
Velocity and Displacement Calculations
Geometry Update Calculation
Energy Calculation in FLAC3D
References
Interfaces
General Comments
Formulation
Creation of Interface Geometry
Choice of Material Properties
Interface Used to Join Two Sub-grids
Real Interface — Slip and Separation Only
All Properties Have Physical Significance
Modeling Guidelines
Troubleshooting
Initial Stresses
Interface Corners
Overlapping Interfaces
Interfaces and Fluid Flow
Interfaces and Changing Interacting Objects in Small Strain
References
Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
FLAC3D Fluid-Thermal-Mechanical-Formulation — Mathematical Description
Conventions and Definitions
Governing Differential Equations
Fluid Flow Boundary and Initial Conditions in FLAC3D
Numerical Formulation
Saturated Fluid Flow
Finite-Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
Nodal Formulation of the Mass Balance Equation
Explicit Finite-Volume Formulation
Stability Criterion
Implicit Finite-Volume Formulation
Convergence Criterion
Saturated/Unsaturated Flow
Mechanical Timestep and Numerical Stability
Total Stress Correction
Fully Saturated Fast Flow
An Alternative Fast-Flow Algorithm
Calculation Modes for Fluid-Mechanical Interaction
Grid Not Configured for Fluid Flow
Grid Configured for Fluid Flow
Properties and Units for Fluid-Flow Analysis
Permeability Coefficient
Mass Density
Fluid Moduli
Biot Coefficient and Biot Modulus
Fluid Bulk Modulus
Fluid Moduli and Convergence
Fluid Moduli for Drained and Undrained Analyses
Porosity
Saturation
Undrained Thermal Coefficient
Fluid Tension Limit
Fluid-Flow Boundary Conditions, Initial Conditions, Sources and Sinks
Solving Flow-Only and Coupled-Flow Problems
Time Scales
Selection of a Modeling Approach for a Fully Coupled Analysis
Time Scale
Nature of Imposed Perturbation to the Coupled Process
Stiffness Ratio
Recommended Procedure to Select a Modeling Approach
Fixed Pore Pressure (Used in Effective Stress Calculation)
Flow-Only Calculation to Establish a Pore-Pressure Distribution
No Flow — Mechanical Generation of Pore Pressure
Coupled Flow and Mechanical Calculations
Verification Examples
Unsteady Groundwater Flow in a Confined Layer
One-Dimensional Filling of a Porous Region
Steady-State Fluid Flow with a Free Surface
Spreading of a Groundwater Mound
One-Dimensional Consolidation
Consolidation Settlement at the Center of a Strip Load
Transient Fluid Flow to a Well in a Shallow Confined Aquifer
Pressuremeter Test
Semi-confined Aquifer
Verification of Concepts, and Modeling Techniques for Specific Applications
Solid Weight, Buoyancy and Seepage Forces
A Simple Example Illustrating Solid Weight, Buoyancy and Seepage Forces
Pore Pressure Initialization and Deformation
Heave of a Soil Layer
Effect of the Biot Coefficient
Undrained Oedometer Test
Pore Pressure Generation in a Confined Sample
Pore Pressure Generation in an Infinite Layer
Input Instructions for Fluid-Flow Analysis
Fluid Commands
Fluid FISH Variables
Zone-Based Pore Pressure
References
FLAC3D Commands And FISH
Building-Blocks
The Building Blocks Pane
Pane Elements
Sets of Blocks
Sets of Geometric Data
Selection and Manipulation of Objects
Working With Geometric Data
Generating Zones or Blocks From Geometric Data
Adding Blocks
Splitting Blocks
Curved Edges and Control Points
Face Control Points
Hiding Blocks
Showing Blocks
Highlighting Groups
Validating the Model
Autozone
Generate Zones
Context Menu
Control Panel
Keyboard Reference
Handle Quick Reference
Commands
building-blocks block commands
building-blocks block create command
building-blocks block delete command
building-blocks block export command
building-blocks block group command
building-blocks block hide command
building-blocks block id command
building-blocks block import command
building-blocks block list command
building-blocks block make-hex-only command
building-blocks block multiplier command
building-blocks block snapon id command
building-blocks block transform command
building-blocks face commands
building-blocks face add-controls command
building-blocks face cycle command
building-blocks face delete command
building-blocks face drape command
building-blocks face group command
building-blocks face id command
building-blocks face list command
building-blocks face snapon id command
building-blocks face transform command
building-blocks edge commands
building-blocks edge add-controls command
building-blocks edge delete command
building-blocks edge drape command
building-blocks edge factor command
building-blocks edge group command
building-blocks edge id command
building-blocks edge list command
building-blocks edge ratio command
building-blocks edge ratio-isolate command
building-blocks edge size command
building-blocks edge snapon id command
building-blocks edge transform command
building-blocks edge type command
building-blocks point commands
building-blocks point delete command
building-blocks point drape command
building-blocks point group command
building-blocks point list command
building-blocks point merge command
building-blocks point move-to command
building-blocks point snapon id command
building-blocks point transform command
building-blocks set commands
building-blocks set arrest-triangle command
building-blocks set automatic-zone command
building-blocks set auto-tolerance command
building-blocks set break-angle command
building-blocks set create command
building-blocks set delete command
building-blocks set export command
building-blocks set geometry command
building-blocks set import command
building-blocks set list command
building-blocks set select command
building-blocks set tolerance command
building-blocks set validate-all command
FISH Functions
building_blocks.block Functions
building_blocks.block.ablock
building_blocks.block.center
building_blocks.block.check
building_blocks.block.edge
building_blocks.block.face
building_blocks.block.group
building_blocks.block.group.remove
building_blocks.block.isgroup
building_blocks.block.multiplier
building_blocks.block.point
building_blocks.block.size
building_blocks.face Functions
building_blocks.face.area
building_blocks.face.center
building_blocks.face.check
building_blocks.face.edge
building_blocks.face.flip
building_blocks.face.gridsizei
building_blocks.face.gridsizej
building_blocks.face.group
building_blocks.face.group.remove
building_blocks.face.isgroup
building_blocks.face.next.face
building_blocks.face.next.index
building_blocks.face.point
building_blocks.face.size
building_blocks.face.toglobal
building_blocks.face.tolocal
building_blocks.edge Functions
building_blocks.edge.center
building_blocks.edge.cp.add
building_blocks.edge.cp.delete
building_blocks.edge.cp.localu
building_blocks.edge.cp.point
building_blocks.edge.cp.size
building_blocks.edge.curve
building_blocks.edge.direction
building_blocks.edge.grid.ratio
building_blocks.edge.grid.ratio.isolate
building_blocks.edge.grid.size
building_blocks.edge.group
building_blocks.edge.group.remove
block.isgroup
building_blocks.edge.length
building_blocks.edge.next.edge
building_blocks.edge.next.index
building_blocks.edge.point
building_blocks.edge.start.face
building_blocks.edge.start.index
building_blocks.edge.toglobal
building_blocks.edge.tolocal
building_blocks.edge.type
building_blocks.point Functions
building_blocks.point.group
building_blocks.point.group.remove
building_blocks.point.isgroup
building_blocks.point.pos
building_blocks.point.start.edge
building_blocks.point.start.index
building_blocks.set Functions
building_blocks.set.block.create
building_blocks.set.block.find
building_blocks.set.block.list
building_blocks.set.block.remove
building_blocks.set.block.size
building_blocks.set.create
building_blocks.set.delete
building_blocks.set.edge.find
building_blocks.set.edge.list
building_blocks.set.edge.near
building_blocks.set.edge.size
building_blocks.set.face.find
building_blocks.set.face.list
building_blocks.set.face.near
building_blocks.set.face.size
building_blocks.set.find
building_blocks.set.id
building_blocks.set.list
building_blocks.set.name
building_blocks.set.point.find
building_blocks.set.point.list
building_blocks.set.point.near
building_blocks.set.point.size
Extrude
The Extrusion Pane
Pane Elements
Views
Operations in the Construction View
Creating Points and Edges
Edge Parameters
Edge Tools
Creating Blocks, Splitting and Deleting
Default Meshing Parameters
Object Properties
Object Selection
Background Images / Geometric Data
Operations in the Extrusion View
Extrusion Length and Stages
Object Selection
Object Properties
Automatic Zoning
Groups
Object Properties in General
Performing the Extrusion
Further Information
Extrusion Options
Undoing Operations
Using FISH
View Manipulation
Making a Circle
Commands
extrude block
create command
delete command
group command
id command
list command
multiplier command
position command
extrude edge
clear command
combine command
create command
delete command
group command
id command
length command
length-default command
list command
ratio command
ratio-isolate command
size command
size-default command
extrude mesh
gradation command
list command
mode command
optimization command
quad-weight command
reset command
shape-quality command
target-size command
type command
extrude point
create command
delete command
group command
id command
list command
transform command
extrude segment
add command
clear command
delete command
index command
list command
origin command
extrude set
automatic-validate command
automatic-zone command
clear command
delete command
list command
metadata command
select command
system command
update-polygons command
FISH Functions
block functions
extrude.block.area
extrude.block.block
extrude.block.center
extrude.block.check
extrude.block.countzones
extrude.block.edge
extrude.block.extra
extrude.block.find
extrude.block.flip
extrude.block.grid.pos
extrude.block.group
extrude.block.group.remove
extrude.block.id
extrude.block.irregular.typeid
extrude.block.isgroup
extrude.block.list
extrude.block.maxid
extrude.block.multiplier
extrude.block.next.block
extrude.block.next.index
extrude.block.nodes
extrude.block.num
extrude.block.param.pos
extrude.block.point
extrude.block.regular.typeid
extrude.block.size
extrude.block.typeid
extrude.block.zones.i
extrude.block.zones.j
edge functions
extrude.edge.blocked
extrude.edge.blocks
extrude.edge.center
extrude.edge.curve
extrude.edge.direction
extrude.edge.extra
extrude.edge.find
extrude.edge.grid.ratio
extrude.edge.grid.ratio.isolate
extrude.edge.grid.size
extrude.edge.gridpos
extrude.edge.group
extrude.edge.group.remove
extrude.edge.id
extrude.edge.isgroup
extrude.edge.length
extrude.edge.list
extrude.edge.maxid
extrude.edge.next.edge
extrude.edge.next.index
extrude.edge.num
extrude.edge.parampos
extrude.edge.point
extrude.edge.poly.add
extrude.edge.poly.localu
extrude.edge.poly.localv
extrude.edge.poly.point
extrude.edge.poly.remove
extrude.edge.poly.size
extrude.edge.simple
extrude.edge.start.block
extrude.edge.start.index
extrude.edge.type
extrude.edge.typeid
point functions
extrude.point.blocks
extrude.point.edges
extrude.point.extra
extrude.point.find
extrude.point.group
extrude.point.group.remove
extrude.point.id
extrude.point.isgroup
extrude.point.list
extrude.point.maxid
extrude.point.num
extrude.point.pos
extrude.point.start.edge
extrude.point.start.index
extrude.point.typeid
segment functions
extrude.segment.count
extrude.segment.grid.ratio
extrude.segment.grid.size
extrude.segment.group
extrude.segment.isgroup
extrude.segment.length
extrude.segment.node.add
extrude.segment.node.delete
extrude.segment.node.group
extrude.segment.node.isgroup
extrude.segment.node.pos
extrude.segment.node.removegroup
extrude.segment.removegroup
set functions
extrude.set.axis.n
extrude.set.axis.u
extrude.set.axis.v
extrude.set.badzones
extrude.set.block.create
extrude.set.block.delete
extrude.set.block.find
extrude.set.block.list
extrude.set.block.near
extrude.set.block.size
extrude.set.create
extrude.set.delete
extrude.set.edge.combine
extrude.set.edge.create
extrude.set.edge.delete
extrude.set.edge.find
extrude.set.edge.list
extrude.set.edge.near
extrude.set.edge.size
extrude.set.find
extrude.set.id
extrude.set.list
extrude.set.metadata.find
extrude.set.metadata.key
extrude.set.metadata.size
extrude.set.metadata.value
extrude.set.name
extrude.set.origin
extrude.set.point.create
extrude.set.point.delete
extrude.set.point.find
extrude.set.point.list
extrude.set.point.near
extrude.set.point.size
extrude.set.region.element.num
extrude.set.region.nodes
extrude.set.set.un
extrude.set.set.uv
extrude.set.set.vn
extrude.set.zone.autodir
extrude.set.zone.count2
extrude.set.zone.count3
extrude.set.zone.target.edge
extrude.set.zone.target.size
extrude.set.zone.target.total
Structural Elements
Zone
The Model Pane
Pane Elements
Selection
Showing and Hiding
Disambiguator
Automatic Grouping
Assigning a Group Name to a Selection
Densify Selected Zones
Creating a 2D Structural Element
Control Set: Color Labels
Control Set: Objects
Control Set: Range
Keyboard Reference
Options
Commands
zone commands
zone apply command
zone apply-remove command
zone attach command
zone cmodel command
zone copy command
zone create command
zone creep command
zone delete command
zone densify command
zone dynamic command
zone export command
zone fluid command
zone generate command
zone geometry-test command
zone geometry-tolerance command
zone geometry-update command
zone group command
zone hide command
zone history command
zone import command
zone initialize command
zone initialize-stresses command
zone list command
zone mechanical command
zone nodal-mixed-discretization command
zone property command
zone property-distribution command
zone ratio command
zone reflect command
zone relax command
zone results command
zone select command
zone separate command
zone split command
zone thermal command
zone trace command
zone validate command
zone vtk command
zone water command
zone face commands
zone face apply command
zone face apply-remove command
zone face group command
zone face hide command
zone face list command
zone face select command
zone face skin command
zone face westergaard command
zone face westergaard-remove command
zone gridpoint commands
zone gridpoint create command
zone gridpoint fix command
zone gridpoint force-reaction command
zone gridpoint free command
zone gridpoint group command
zone gridpoint import command
zone gridpoint initialize command
zone gridpoint list command
zone gridpoint merge command
zone gridpoint system command
zone interface commands
zone interface tolerance-contact command
zone interface create command
zone interface effective command
zone interface element command
zone interface group command
zone interface list command
zone interface node command
zone interface permeability command
FISH Functions
attach functions
attach.create
attach.delete
attach.extra
attach.find
attach.group
attach.group.remove
attach.id
attach.isgroup
attach.list
attach.master
attach.master.face
attach.master.zone
attach.maxid
attach.num
attach.pos
attach.slave
attach.snap
attach.type
attach.typeid
attach.weight.edge
attach.weight.face
zone.face functions
zone.face.area
zone.face.extra
zone.face.find
zone.face.find.normal
zone.face.gp
zone.face.group
zone.face.group.remove
zone.face.isgroup
zone.face.normal
zone.face.pos
zone.face.size
zone.field functions (zone field data)
zone.field.component
zone.field.extra
zone.field.get
zone.field.get.gp
zone.field.gravity
zone.field.hide.fluidnull
zone.field.hide.mechnull
zone.field.hide.thermnull
zone.field.index
zone.field.init
zone.field.log
zone.field.method.index
zone.field.method.name
zone.field.name
zone.field.power
zone.field.prop
zone.field.quantity
zone.field.radius.ratio
zone.field.reset
zone.field.source
zone.field.tol
zone.field.type
zone.field.velocity.limit
gp functions (zone gridpoints)
gp.accel
gp.biot.modulus
gp.convergence
gp.copy
gp.create
gp.delete
gp.disp
gp.disp.small
gp.dynamic.mul
gp.dynamic.timestep
gp.extra
gp.find
gp.find.name
gp.fix
gp.flow
gp.fluid.app
gp.fluid.load
gp.fluid.modulus
gp.fluid.modulus.confined
gp.fluid.tension
gp.fluid.unbal
gp.fluid.vol.inv
gp.flux
gp.force.app
gp.force.load
gp.force.unbal
gp.force.unbal.add
gp.force.unbal.current
gp.group
gp.group.remove
gp.head
gp.id
gp.isgroup
gp.list
gp.mass.add
gp.mass.gravity
gp.mass.inertial
gp.maxid
gp.multiplier
gp.name
gp.near
gp.near.all
gp.near.live
gp.next
gp.num
gp.pos
gp.pp
gp.pp.fix
gp.ratio
gp.ratio.target
gp.sat
gp.state.restore
gp.state.save
gp.stiff
gp.temp
gp.temp.app
gp.temp.change
gp.temp.fix
gp.temp.source
gp.typeid
gp.vel
gp.zones
interface.node.head
interface.node.list
interface functions (zone interfaces)
interface.find
interface.group
interface.group.remove
interface.head
interface.id
interface.isgroup
interface.list
interface.name
interface.next
interface.elem functions (zone interface elements)
interface.elem.area
interface.elem.extra
interface.elem.group
interface.elem.group.remove
interface.elem.head
interface.elem.host.face
interface.elem.host.zone
interface.elem.id
interface.elem.isgroup
interface.elem.join
interface.elem.list
interface.elem.next
interface.elem.normal
interface.elem.vertex
interface.node functions (zone interface nodes)
interface.node.area
interface.node.disp
interface.node.disp.shear
interface.node.extra
interface.node.find
interface.node.group
interface.node.group.remove
interface.node.head
interface.node.host.face
interface.node.host.weight
interface.node.host.zone
interface.node.id
interface.node.isgroup
interface.node.list
interface.node.near
interface.node.next
interface.node.normal
interface.node.penetration
interface.node.position
interface.node.pp
interface.node.prop
interface.node.slip
interface.node.state
interface.node.stress.normal
interface.node.stress.normal.add
interface.node.stress.shear
interface.node.target.face
interface.node.target.weight
interface.node.target.zone
interface.node.tol
interface.node.vel
zone.tet functions (zone tetra)
zone.tetra.gp
zone.tetra.num
zone.tetra.smallest.vol
zone.tetra.strain.increment
zone.tetra.strain.rate
zone.tetra.stress
zone functions
zone.aspect
zone.bad
zone.code
zone.condition
zone.containing
zone.copy
zone.create.gp
zone.create.interface.elem
zone.create.pos
zone.create.ratio
zone.creep.time.total
zone.creep.timestep
zone.cycle.init
zone.density
zone.dynamic.mul
zone.dynamic.time.total
zone.dynamic.timestep
zone.extra
zone.find
zone.flow
zone.fluid.density
zone.fluid.model
zone.fluid.prop
zone.fluid.prop.index
zone.fluid.ratio
zone.fluid.stress.normal
zone.fluid.time.total
zone.fluid.unbal.avg
zone.fluid.unbal.max
zone.flux
zone.force.update
zone.geom.test
zone.gp
zone.gp.num
zone.group
zone.group.remove
zone.head
zone.hysteretic
zone.id
zone.inbox
zone.isgroup
zone.islive
zone.join
zone.list
zone.maxid
zone.mech.convergence
zone.mech.prop.name
zone.mech.prop.num
zone.mech.ratio
zone.mech.ratio
zone.mech.ratio.local
zone.mech.ratio
zone.model
zone.model.init
zone.near
zone.near.all
zone.near.list
zone.near.live
zone.near.map
zone.next
zone.num
zone.ortho
zone.overlays
zone.planarity
zone.plane.traction
zone.pos
zone.pp
zone.prop
zone.prop.index
zone.rotation.inc
zone.rotation.rate
zone.state
zone.state.restore
zone.state.save
zone.strain.inc
zone.strain.rate
zone.strain.shear.inc
zone.strain.shear.rate
zone.strain.vol.inc
zone.strain.vol.rate
zone.stress
zone.stress.effective
zone.stress.int
zone.stress.max
zone.stress.min
zone.stress.prin
zone.temp
zone.test.quality
zone.thermal.model
zone.thermal.prop
zone.thermal.prop.index
zone.thermal.ratio
zone.thermal.time.total
zone.typeid
zone.unbal
zone.vol
zone.vol.deformed
zone.was.updated
zone.work.elastic.shear
zone.work.elastic.total
zone.work.elastic.vol
zone.work.plastic.shear
zone.work.plastic.total
zone.work.plastic.vol
Orientation of Nodes and Faces within a Zone
Condition Measure of Zones
Zone Field Data Names
Zone Field Quantity Names
Strength-Stress Ratio
Options
C++ Option
Writing New Constitutive Models
Methodology
Base Class for Constitutive Models
Member Functions
Registration of Models
Information Passed between Model and Program during Cycling
State Indicators of Zones
Implementation
Utility Structures
Example Constitutive Model
initialize() and run() functions
FISH Support for Constitutive Models
Creating User-Written Model DLLs
Using the Template
Loading and Running User-Written Model DLLs
Programmer’s Interface
Creep Option for FLAC3D
Dynamic Analysis
Relation to Equivalent-Linear Methods
Characteristics of Equivalent-Linear Method
Characteristics of Fully Nonlinear Method
Applications of the Fully Nonlinear Method in Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Formulation
Dynamic Timestep
Dynamic Multi-stepping
Shear Wave On Stiff Wall In Soft Soil: Dynamic Multi-Stepping
Dynamic Modeling Considerations
Dynamic Loading and Boundary Conditions
Application of Dynamic Input
Shear Wave Propagation in a Vertical Bar
Baseline Correction
Quiet Boundaries
Free-Field Boundaries
Shear Wave Loading of a Model with Free-Field Boundaries
Deconvolution and Selection of Dynamic Boundary Conditions
Hydrodynamic Pressures
Hydrodynamic Pressure Acting on a Dam
Wave Transmission
Accurate Wave Propagation
Filtering
Mechanical Damping and Material Response
Rayleigh Damping
Example Application of Rayleigh Damping
Block Under Gravity — Examining Damping Options
Guidelines for Selecting Rayleigh Damping Parameters
Hysteretic Damping
Hysteretic Damping Formulation, Implementation, and Calibration
Formulation
Implementation
Calibration of Degradation Curves
Simple Application
Observations
Practical Issues When Using Hysteretic Damping
Local Damping for Dynamic Simulations
Spatial Variation in Damping
Spatial Variation in Damping
Structural Element Damping for Dynamic Simulations
Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam
Artificial Viscosity
Example: Artificial Wave with Sharp Front
Integration of Damping Schemes and Nonlinear Material Models for Geo-materials
Natural Damping with the Mohr-Coulomb Model
Hysteretic Damping with the Linear Elastic Model
Hysteretic Damping with the Mohr-Coulomb Model
Liquefaction Modeling
Finn Model*
P2PSand Model*
Comprehensive Liquefaction Constitutive Models
Shaking Table Test with Finn Model: Simulation of the Liquefaction of a Layer
Cyclic Undrained DSS Tests with P2PSand Model
Solving Dynamic Problems
Procedure for Dynamic Mechanical Simulations: Dam Foundation
Procedure for Dynamic Coupled Mechanical/Groundwater Simulations: Dam Foundation Wet
Recommended Steps for Seismic Analyses
Verification Problems
Natural Periods of an Elastic Column
Comparison of FLAC3D to SHAKE for a Layered, Linear-Elastic Soil Deposit
Comparison of FLAC3D to SHAKE for a Layered, Nonlinear-Elastic Soil Deposit
Slip Induced by Harmonic Shear Wave
Hollow Sphere Subject to an Internal Blast
Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam
Dynamic Input Wizard
Step 1: Import Data File into the Wizard
Step 2: Filtering
Step 3: Baseline Correction
Step 4: Export Data for Dynamic Analysis
References
Thermal Analysis
Thermal Analysis
Mathematical Model Description
Conventions and Definitions
Conduction
Energy-Balance Equation
Transport Law
Boundary and Initial Conditions
Mechanical Coupling — Thermal Strains
Fluid Coupling — Thermally Induced Pore Pressures
Advection
Energy Balance for Convective-Diffusive Heat Transport
Fluid Mass Balance (Slightly Compressible Fluid)
Transport Laws
Thermal-Mechanical-Pore Pressure Coupling
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Numerical Formulation
Conduction
Finite-Volume Approximation to Space Derivatives
Nodal Formulation of the Energy-Balance Equation
Explicit Finite-Volume Formulation
Implicit Finite-Volume Formulation
Thermal-Stress Coupling
Thermal Pore-Pressure Coupling
Advection
Stability and Accuracy
Solving Thermal-Only and Coupled-Thermal Problems
Thermal Conduction-Only Analysis
Thermal Advection-Only Analysis
Steady-State Conduction Solution
Forced Advection and Free Advection Simulations
Synchronization of Fluid and Thermal Times
Thermal-Mechanical Analysis
Thermal Coupling to Pore Pressure
Input Instructions for Thermal Analysis
Thermal Commands
Thermal FISH Variables
Zone-Based Temperature
Systems of Units for Thermal Analysis
Verification and Example Problems
Conduction in a Plane Sheet
Conduction in a Hollow Cylinder
Infinite Line Heat Source in an Infinite Medium
Thermal Pore Pressure Coupled Response
One-Dimensional Solution of Thermal Transport by Forced Convection and Conduction
Steady-State Convection in a Saturated Porous Medium Heated from Above
Steady-State Convection in a Saturated Porous Medium Heated from Below
References
Hydration
Hydration Model Description
Hydration-Drucker-Prager Model
Hydration Commands
Hydration Example Problems
Concrete Inclusion in an Elastic Medium
Concrete Wall on Elastic Base Plate
References
Examples
Tutorials
Tutorial: Quick Start
Tutorial: Illustrative Model — Mechanics of Using FLAC3D
Create a New Project
In the Interface
Generate the Grid
Further Discussion: Meshing With Primitives
In the Interface
Create Model Groups
Further Discussion: Model Groups
In the Interface
Specifying Models, Boundaries, and Initial Conditions
Further Discussion: Assigning a Constitutive Model
Further Discussion: Applying Boundary Conditions
Further Discussion: Specifying Initial Conditions
Step to Equilibrium
Further Discussion: Step to Equilibrium
In the Interface
Alter Model: Excavation
Further Discussion: Performing Alterations
Examine Model: Plotting
In the Interface
Further Alterations: Support
Further Discussion: Using Save/Restore and Staged Modeling
Project Finishing
In the Interface: Finishing
Tutorial: Working with FISH
Defining a FISH Function
Variables
Using FISH for Custom Calculations
FISH Rules, Syntax, and Statements, Illustrated
Lists
Maps, and Arrays
List Splitting and Filtering
FISH Automatic-Create
Further Information
Verification Problems
Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Material
Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Hoek-Brown Medium
Rough Strip Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
Smooth Circular Footing on an Associated Mohr-Coulomb Material
Smooth Square Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless Material
Uniaxial Compressive Strength of a Jointed Material Sample
Drained and Undrained Triaxial Compression Test on a Cam-Clay Sample
Lined Circular Tunnel in an Elastic Medium with Anisotropic Stresses
Development of Plastic Hinges in a Statically Loaded Beam
Simply Supported Isotropic Rectangular Plate under Combined Lateral and Direct Loads
Simply Supported Orthotropic Plate
Cylindrical Concrete Vault
Free Vibration of a Cantilever Beam
Simple Slope in Hoek-Brown Material
Example Applications
Influence of Slope Curvature on Stability
Pillar Loads at Intersecting Tunnels
Excavation in a Saturated Soil
One-Dimensional Consolidation Considering Secondary Compression
Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel
Grid Generation for Intersecting Tunnels
Pressurized Cylindrical Cavern
Prediction of Borehole Closure in a Salt Formation
Axial and Lateral Loading of a Concrete Pile
Undrained Cylindrical Cavity Expansion in a Cam-Clay Medium
Simulation of Pull-Tests for Fully Bonded Rock Reinforcement
Wheel Load over a Buried Pipe
Embankment Loading on a Cam-Clay Foundation
Impermeable Concrete Caisson Wall with Pretensioned Tiebacks
Dewatered Construction of a Braced Excavation
Installation of a Triple-Anchored Excavation Wall
Reinforced Tunnel Excavation
Subsidence above Horizontal Cut
Punch Indentation of a Bonded Material
Sleeved Triaxial Test of a Bonded Material
Index: FLAC3D Examples
Index: FLAC3D Commands
Index: FLAC3D FISH
Maps
Mapping Commands from Old to New FLAC3D Syntax
Mapping FISH from Old to New FLAC3D Syntax
PFC
Numerical Simulations with PFC
PFC Overview
The PFC Model
Distinct-Element Method
PFC Model Formulation
Model Components
Cycling
-10.0 - Validate Data Structures
0.0 - Timestep Determination
10.0 - Law of Motion
15.0 - Body Coupling
20.0 - Advance Time
30.0 - Update Spatial Searching Data Structures
35.0 - Create/delete Contacts
40.0 - Force-displacement Law
42.0 - Accumulate Deterministic Quantities
45.0 - Contact Coupling
Energy and Dissipation Mechanisms in PFC
Material Modeling Support For PFC
Orientation Tracking
How to …
… set the model domain
… clean the model, and when it can be useful
… create particle assemblies
… setup and control boundary conditions
… control initial conditions
… select appropriate contact model(s)
… calibrate material behavior
… monitor a simulation
… solve to a target termination criterion
… perform sequential modeling
… insert custom operations in the calculation cycle
Release Notes
PFC Model Objects
Balls
Commands
ball accumulate-stress command
ball attribute command
ball clump command
ball create command
ball delete command
ball distribute command
ball export command
ball extra command
ball fix command
ball free command
ball generate command
ball group command
ball history command
ball initialize command
ball list command
ball property command
ball results command
ball tolerance command
ball trace command
ball tractions command
FISH Functions
ball.contact.list
ball.contact.list.all
ball.contactmap
ball.contactmap.all
ball.contactnum
ball.contactnum.all
ball.containing
ball.convergence
ball.create
ball.damp
ball.delete
ball.density
ball.disp
ball.energy
ball.euler
ball.extra
ball.find
ball.fix
ball.force.app
ball.force.contact
ball.force.unbal
ball.fragment
ball.group
ball.group.list
ball.group.remove
ball.groupmap
ball.id
ball.inbox
ball.inside
ball.isbonded
ball.isgroup
ball.isprop
ball.list
ball.mass
ball.mass.real
ball.maxid
ball.mech.convergence
ball.mech.ratio.avg
ball.mech.ratio.local
ball.mech.ratio.max
ball.mech.unbal.max
ball.moi
ball.moi.real
ball.moment.app
ball.moment.contact
ball.moment.unbal
ball.near
ball.num
ball.pos
ball.prop
ball.radius
ball.ratio
ball.ratio.target
ball.rotation
ball.spin
ball.stress
ball.stress.full
ball.typeid
ball.vel
ball.vol
Clumps
Commands
clump accumulate-stress command
clump attribute command
clump break command
clump create command
clump delete command
clump distribute command
clump export command
clump extra command
clump fix command
clump free command
clump generate command
clump group command
clump history command
clump initialize command
clump list command
clump order command
clump property command
clump replicate command
clump results command
clump rotate command
clump scale command
clump template command
clump tolerance command
clump trace command
FISH Functions
clump.addpebble
clump.calculate
clump.contact.list
clump.contact.list.all
clump.contactmap
clump.contactmap.all
clump.contactnum
clump.contactnum.all
clump.containing
clump.convergence
clump.damp
clump.delete
clump.deletepebble
clump.density
clump.disp
clump.energy
clump.euler
clump.extra
clump.find
clump.fix
clump.force.app
clump.force.contact
clump.force.unbal
clump.fragment
clump.group
clump.group.list
clump.group.remove
clump.groupmap
clump.id
clump.inbox
clump.inglobal
clump.inprin
clump.inside
clump.isbonded
clump.isgroup
clump.list
clump.mass
clump.mass.real
clump.maxid
clump.mech.convergence
clump.mech.ratio.avg
clump.mech.ratio.local
clump.mech.ratio.max
clump.mech.unbal.max
clump.moi
clump.moi.fix
clump.moi.prin
clump.moi.prin.real
clump.moi.real
clump.moment.app
clump.moment.contact
clump.moment.unbal
clump.near
clump.num
clump.pebble.clump
clump.pebble.contact.list
clump.pebble.contact.list.all
clump.pebble.contactmap
clump.pebble.contactmap.all
clump.pebble.contactnum
clump.pebble.contactnum.all
clump.pebble.delete
clump.pebble.extra
clump.pebble.find
clump.pebble.group
clump.pebble.group.list
clump.pebble.group.remove
clump.pebble.groupmap
clump.pebble.id
clump.pebble.inbox
clump.pebble.isbonded
clump.pebble.isgroup
clump.pebble.isprop
clump.pebble.list
clump.pebble.maxid
clump.pebble.near
clump.pebble.num
clump.pebble.pos
clump.pebble.prop
clump.pebble.radius
clump.pebble.typeid
clump.pebble.vel
clump.pebblelist
clump.pos
clump.prop
clump.ratio
clump.ratio.target
clump.rotate
clump.rotation
clump.scalesphere
clump.scalevol
clump.spin
clump.stress
clump.template
clump.template.addpebble
clump.template.clone
clump.template.delete
clump.template.deletepebble
clump.template.euler
clump.template.find
clump.template.findpebble
clump.template.list
clump.template.make
clump.template.maxid
clump.template.moi
clump.template.moi.prin
clump.template.name
clump.template.num
clump.template.origpos
clump.template.pebblelist
clump.template.scale
clump.template.typeid
clump.template.vol
clump.typeid
clump.vel
clump.vol
Rigid Blocks
Commands
rblock apply-facet-groups command
rblock attribute command
rblock clump command
rblock construct command
rblock contact-resolution command
rblock create command
rblock cut command
rblock damping command
rblock delete command
rblock densify command
rblock dilate command
rblock distribute command
rblock erode command
rblock export command
rblock extra command
rblock facet apply command
rblock facet apply-remove command
rblock facet group command
rblock fix command
rblock free command
rblock generate command
rblock group command
rblock hide command
rblock history command
rblock import command
rblock initialize command
rblock list command
rblock merge command
rblock property command
rblock refine command
rblock replicate command
rblock results command
rblock rotate command
rblock scale command
rblock select command
rblock template command
rblock tolerance command
rblock trace command
rblock tractions command
FISH Functions
rblock.angle
rblock.aspect.ratio
rblock.axis.angle
rblock.axis.long
rblock.ball.pos
rblock.ball.radius
rblock.contact.list
rblock.contact.list.all
rblock.contactmap
rblock.contactmap.all
rblock.contactnum
rblock.contactnum.all
rblock.containing
rblock.convergence
rblock.copy
rblock.damp
rblock.delete
rblock.density
rblock.disp
rblock.energy
rblock.euler
rblock.extra
rblock.facet.area
rblock.facet.centroid
rblock.facet.closest
rblock.facet.group
rblock.facet.group.remove
rblock.facet.isgroup
rblock.facet.list
rblock.facet.map
rblock.facet.normal
rblock.facet.num
rblock.facet.vertex.pos
rblock.find
rblock.fix
rblock.force.app
rblock.force.contact
rblock.force.unbal
rblock.fragment
rblock.group
rblock.group.list
rblock.group.remove
rblock.groupmap
rblock.id
rblock.inbox
rblock.inglobal
rblock.inprin
rblock.inside
rblock.intersect
rblock.isbonded
rblock.isgroup
rblock.isprop
rblock.length.max
rblock.length.min
rblock.list
rblock.mass
rblock.mass.real
rblock.maxid
rblock.mech.convergence
rblock.mech.ratio.avg
rblock.mech.ratio.local
rblock.mech.ratio.max
rblock.mech.unbal.max
rblock.moi
rblock.moi.fix
rblock.moi.prin
rblock.moi.prin.real
rblock.moi.real
rblock.moment.app
rblock.moment.contact
rblock.moment.unbal
rblock.near
rblock.num
rblock.pos
rblock.prin.angle
rblock.prin.axis.angle
rblock.prin.euler
rblock.prop
rblock.ratio
rblock.ratio.target
rblock.rotation
rblock.rounding
rblock.scalesphere
rblock.scalevol
rblock.spin
rblock.stress
rblock.template.delete
rblock.template.find
rblock.template.list
rblock.template.maxid
rblock.template.moi
rblock.template.moi.prin
rblock.template.name
rblock.template.num
rblock.template.typeid
rblock.template.vol
rblock.typeid
rblock.unbond
rblock.vel
rblock.vertex.list
rblock.vertex.map
rblock.vertex.num
rblock.vertex.pos
rblock.vol
Walls
Faceted Walls in PFC
Commands
wall active-sides command
wall addfacet command
wall attribute command
wall create command
wall delete command
wall export command
wall extra command
wall generate command
wall group command
wall history command
wall import command
wall initialize command
wall list command
wall property command
wall resolution command
wall results command
wall rotate command
wall servo command
wall tolerance command
wall velocity-conveyor command
FISH Functions
wall.addfacet
wall.closed
wall.contact.list
wall.contact.list.all
wall.contactmap
wall.contactmap.all
wall.contactnum
wall.contactnum.all
wall.convex
wall.cutoff
wall.delete
wall.disp
wall.energy
wall.euler
wall.extra
wall.facet.active
wall.facet.contact.list
wall.facet.contact.list.all
wall.facet.contactmap
wall.facet.contactmap.all
wall.facet.contactnum
wall.facet.contactnum.all
wall.facet.conveyor
wall.facet.delete
wall.facet.extra
wall.facet.find
wall.facet.group
wall.facet.group.list
wall.facet.group.remove
wall.facet.groupmap
wall.facet.id
wall.facet.inbox
wall.facet.isbonded
wall.facet.isgroup
wall.facet.isprop
wall.facet.list
wall.facet.maxid
wall.facet.near
wall.facet.normal
wall.facet.num
wall.facet.pair
wall.facet.pointnear
wall.facet.pos
wall.facet.prop
wall.facet.typeid
wall.facet.vertex
wall.facet.wall
wall.facetlist
wall.find
wall.force.contact
wall.fragment
wall.group
wall.group.list
wall.group.remove
wall.groupmap
wall.id
wall.inbox
wall.inside
wall.isbonded
wall.isgroup
wall.list
wall.maxid
wall.moment.contact
wall.name
wall.near
wall.num
wall.pos
wall.prop
wall.rotation
wall.rotation.center
wall.spin
wall.typeid
wall.vel
wall.vertex.delete
wall.vertex.facetarray
wall.vertex.find
wall.vertex.id
wall.vertex.inbox
wall.vertex.list
wall.vertex.maxid
wall.vertex.near
wall.vertex.num
wall.vertex.pos
wall.vertex.typeid
wall.vertex.vel
wall.vertexlist
Contacts and Contact Models
Contact Resolution
Contact Model Assignment Table (CMAT)
Contact Models
Contact Model Framework
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Contact Properties
Methods
Contact Callback Events
Built-in Contact Models
Null Model
Linear Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Linear Model Methods
Linear Model Properties
Linear Contact Bond Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Model Summary
Linear Contact Bond Model Methods
Linear Contact Bond Model Properties
Linear Parallel Bond Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Linear Parallel Bond Model Methods
Linear Parallel Bond Model Properties
Soft-Bond Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Soft Bond Model Methods
Soft Bond Model Properties
Rolling Resistance Linear Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Rolling Resistance Linear Model Methods
Rolling Resistance Linear Model Properties
Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model
Introduction
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model Methods
Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model Properties
Flat-Joint Model
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Flat-Joint Model Methods
Flat-Joint Model Properties
Smooth-Joint Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Smooth-Joint Model Methods
Smoothjoint Model Properties
Hertz Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Hertz Model Properties
Hysteretic Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback events
Model Summary
Hysteretic Model Properties
Burger’s Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Burger’s Model Properties
FISH Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
FISH Model Properties
Spring Network Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Contact Stiffness Computation
Fictitious Stress Correction
Tensile and Cohesion Tables
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Spring Network Model Methods
Spring Network Model Properties
Linear Dipole Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Usage and Verification Examples
Model Summary
Linear Dipole Model Methods
Linear Dipole Model Properties
Edinburgh-Elasto-Plastic-Adhesive (EEPA) Contact Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Model Summary
EEPA Model Properties
Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) Contact Model
Behavior Summary
Activity-Deletion Criteria
Force-Displacement Law
Energy Partitions
Properties
Methods
Callback Events
Model Summary
JKR Model Properties
User-Defined Contact Models
Commands
cmat add command
cmat apply command
cmat default command
cmat list command
cmat modify command
contact cmat proximity command
cmat remove command
contact activate command
contact apply-group command
contact delete command
contact detection command
contact extra command
contact fix command
contact group command
contact history command
contact inhibit command
contact list command
contact method command
contact model command
contact persist command
contact property command
FISH Functions
contact.activate
contact.active
contact.area
contact.branch
contact.end1
contact.end2
contact.energy
contact.energy.sum
contact.extra
contact.fid
contact.find
contact.force.from.stress
contact.force.global
contact.force.local
contact.force.normal
contact.force.set
contact.force.shear
contact.fullupdate
contact.gap
contact.group
contact.group.list
contact.group.list.all
contact.group.remove
contact.groupmap
contact.groupmap.all
contact.id
contact.inherit
contact.inhibit
contact.isbonded
contact.isenergy
contact.isgroup
contact.isprop
contact.list
contact.list.all
contact.method
contact.model
contact.model.prop.index
contact.moment.on1.global
contact.moment.on1.local
contact.moment.on2.global
contact.moment.on2.local
contact.normal
contact.num
contact.num.all
contact.offset
contact.otherend
contact.persist
contact.pos
contact.prop
contact.prop.index
contact.shear
contact.to.global
contact.to.local
contact.typeid
contact.unbond
Additional Features
Bricks and Inlets
Commands
brick assemble command
brick delete command
brick export command
brick import command
brick make command
inlet create command
inlet modify command
FISH Functions
brick.assemble
brick.delete
brick.extent
brick.find
brick.id
brick.list
brick.lower.corner
brick.maxid
brick.num
brick.typeid
brick.upper.corner
inlet.active
inlet.brick
inlet.delete
inlet.find
inlet.flow.vel
inlet.id
inlet.list
inlet.maxid
inlet.num
inlet.orientation
inlet.pos
inlet.rotation.center
inlet.spin
inlet.typeid
inlet.vel
Fragment
Commands
fragment activate command
fragment clear command
fragment compute command
fragment deactivate command
fragment group-isolated command
fragment group-slot command
fragment list command
fragment map command
fragment register command
FISH Functions
fragment.bodylist
fragment.bodymap
fragment.bodynum
fragment.catalog
fragment.catalog.num
fragment.childlist
fragment.childmap
fragment.find
fragment.history
fragment.id
fragment.index
fragment.list
fragment.map
fragment.num
fragment.parent
fragment.pos
fragment.pos.catalog
fragment.vol
Usage and Verification Examples
Fragmentation Analysis during a Uniaxial Compression with Crack Tracking Using Fractures
Measure
Measured Quantities
Commands
measure create command
measure delete command
measure dump command
measure history command
measure list command
measure modify command
FISH Functions
measure.coordination
measure.delete
measure.find
measure.id
measure.list
measure.maxid
measure.num
measure.porosity
measure.pos
measure.radius
measure.size
measure.strain.rate
measure.stress
measure.typeid
Thermal Calculation
PFC Thermal Formulation
Mathematical Model Description
Numerical Formulation
Solving Thermal Problems
Verification Problems
Transient Thermal Response of Sheet with Constant Temperature Boundaries
Heated Specimen with Free Boundaries
Heated Specimen with Fixed Boundaries
Thermal Balls
Commands
ball thermal attribute command
ball thermal extra command
ball thermal fix command
ball thermal free command
ball thermal group command
ball thermal history command
ball thermal initialize command
ball thermal list command
ball thermal property command
FISH Functions
ball.thermal.ball
ball.thermal.contact.list
ball.thermal.contact.list.all
ball.thermal.contactmap
ball.thermal.contactmap.all
ball.thermal.contactnum
ball.thermal.contactnum.all
ball.thermal.expansion
ball.thermal.extra
ball.thermal.find
ball.thermal.fix
ball.thermal.group
ball.thermal.group.list
ball.thermal.group.remove
ball.thermal.groupmap
ball.thermal.id
ball.thermal.inbox
ball.thermal.isgroup
ball.thermal.isprop
ball.thermal.list
ball.thermal.near
ball.thermal.num
ball.thermal.power.app
ball.thermal.power.unbal
ball.thermal.prop
ball.thermal.specific.heat
ball.thermal.temp
ball.thermal.temp.increment
ball.thermal.typeid
Thermal Clumps
Commands
clump thermal attribute command
clump thermal extra command
clump thermal fix command
clump thermal free command
clump thermal group command
clump thermal history command
clump thermal initialize command
clump thermal list command
clump thermal property command
FISH Functions
clump.thermal.clump
clump.thermal.contact.list
clump.thermal.contact.list.all
clump.thermal.contactmap
clump.thermal.contactmap.all
clump.thermal.contactnum
clump.thermal.contactnum.all
clump.thermal.expansion
clump.thermal.extra
clump.thermal.find
clump.thermal.fix
clump.themal.group
clump.themal.group.list
clump.themal.group.remove
clump.themal.groupmap
clump.thermal.id
clump.thermal.inbox
clump.themal.isgroup
clump.thermal.list
clump.thermal.near
clump.thermal.num
clump.thermal.pebble.clump
clump.thermal.pebble.contact.list
clump.thermal.pebble.contact.list.all
clump.thermal.pebble.contactmap
clump.thermal.pebble.contactmap.all
clump.thermal.pebble.contactnum
clump.thermal.pebble.contactnum.all
clump.thermal.pebble.find
clump.thermal.pebble.group
clump.thermal.pebble.group.list
clump.thermal.pebble.group.remove
clump.thermal.pebble.groupmap
clump.thermal.pebble.id
clump.thermal.pebble.inbox
clump.thermal.pebble.isgroup
clump.thermal.pebble.isprop
clump.thermal.pebble.list
clump.thermal.pebble.near
clump.thermal.pebble.num
clump.thermal.pebble.pebble
clump.thermal.pebble.prop
clump.thermal.pebble.typeid
clump.thermal.pebblelist
clump.thermal.power.app
clump.thermal.power.unbal
clump.thermal.prop
clump.thermal.specific.heat
clump.thermal.temp
clump.thermal.temp.increment
clump.thermal.typeid
Thermal Rigid Blocks
Commands
rblock thermal attribute command
rblock thermal extra command
rblock thermal fix command
rblock thermal free command
rblock thermal group command
rblock thermal history command
rblock thermal initialize command
rblock thermal list command
rblock thermal property command
FISH Functions
rblock.thermal.contact.list
rblock.thermal.contact.list.all
rblock.thermal.contactmap
rblock.thermal.contactmap
rblock.thermal.contactnum
rblock.thermal.contactnum.all
rblock.thermal.expansion
rblock.thermal.extra
rblock.thermal.find
rblock.thermal.fix
rblock.thermal.group
rblock.thermal.group.list
rblock.thermal.group.remove
rblock.thermal.groupmap
rblock.thermal.id
rblock.thermal.inbox
rblock.thermal.isgroup
rblock.thermal.isprop
rblock.thermal.list
rblock.thermal.near
rblock.thermal.num
rblock.thermal.power.app
rblock.thermal.power.unbal
rblock.thermal.prop
rblock.thermal.rblock
rblock.thermal.specific.heat
rblock.thermal.temp
rblock.thermal.temp.increment
rblock.thermal.typeid
Thermal Walls
Commands
wall thermal attribute command
wall thermal extra command
wall thermal group command
wall thermal initialize command
wall thermal list command
wall thermal property command
FISH Functions
wall.thermal.contact.list
wall.thermal.contact.list.all
wall.thermal.contactmap
wall.thermal.contactmap.all
wall.thermal.extra
wall.thermal.facet.contact.list
wall.thermal.facet.contact.list.all
wall.thermal.facet.contactmap
wall.thermal.facet.contactmap.all
wall.thermal.facet.facet
wall.thermal.facet.find
wall.thermal.facet.group
wall.thermal.facet.group.list
wall.thermal.facet.group.remove
wall.thermal.facet.groupmap
wall.thermal.facet.id
wall.thermal.facet.inbox
wall.thermal.facet.isgroup
wall.thermal.facet.isprop
wall.thermal.facet.list
wall.thermal.facet.near
wall.thermal.facet.num
wall.thermal.facet.pos
wall.thermal.facet.prop
wall.thermal.facet.typeid
wall.thermal.facet.wall
wall.thermal.facetlist
wall.thermal.find
wall.thermal.group
wall.thermal.group.list
wall.thermal.group.remove
wall.thermal.groupmap
wall.thermal.id
wall.thermal.inbox
wall.thermal.isgroup
wall.thermal.list
wall.thermal.near
wall.thermal.num
wall.thermal.pos
wall.thermal.prop
wall.thermal.typeid
wall.thermal.wall
Thermal Contacts and Contact Models
Thermal Contact Models
Built-in Contact Models
Null Thermal Contact Model
Thermal Pipe Contact Model
FISH Functions
contact.thermal.power
Thermal Process FISH Functions
thermal.active
thermal.age
thermal.cycle
thermal.safety.factor
thermal.solve
thermal.step
thermal.time.analytical
thermal.timestep
thermal.timestep.given
thermal.timestep.max
CFD module for PFC3D
PFC3D Fluid-Particle Interaction Formulation
Implementation Details
Porosity Calculation
Fluid Mesh and Data Format
Example Node File
Example Element File
Reading Fluid Flow Data into PFC
Practical Considerations
Coupling
Calculation Cycle
Examples
One-way Fluid Coupling
Problem Description
Analytical Solution
Implementation
Results
Modeling Flow in Porous Media with Darcy’s Law
Problem Description
Theory
Implementation
Results
Coupling PFC3D with 3rd Party Fluid Flow Software
Coupling PFC3D with OpenFOAM®
CFD General
Commands
cfd buoyancy command
cfd interval command
cfd read command
cfd term command
cfd list command
cfd update command
cfd coupling command
cfd porosity command
FISH Functions
cfd.age
cfd.cycle
CFD Balls
Commands
ball cfd attribute command
ball cfd extra command
ball cfd group command
ball cfd history command
ball cfd initialize command
ball cfd list command
FISH Functions
ball.cfd.ball
ball.cfd.element.list
ball.cfd.elementmap
ball.cfd.extra
ball.cfd.find
ball.cfd.force
ball.cfd.group
ball.cfd.group.remove
ball.cfd.id
ball.cfd.inbox
ball.cfd.isgroup
ball.cfd.list
ball.cfd.near
ball.cfd.num
ball.cfd.pos
ball.cfd.typeid
CFD Clumps
Commands
clump cfd attribute command
clump cfd extra command
clump cfd group command
clump cfd history command
clump cfd initialize command
clump cfd list command
FISH Functions
clump.cfd.clump
clump.cfd.elementlist
clump.cfd.elementmap
clump.cfd.extra
clump.cfd.find
clump.cfd.force
clump.cfd.group
clump.cfd.group.remove
clump.cfd.id
clump.cfd.inbox
clump.cfd.isgroup
clump.cfd.list
clump.cfd.near
clump.cfd.num
clump.cfd.pebble.clump
clump.cfd.pebble.find
clump.cfd.pebble.group
clump.cfd.pebble.group.remove
clump.cfd.pebble.id
clump.cfd.pebble.inbox
clump.cfd.pebble.isgroup
clump.cfd.pebble.list
clump.cfd.pebble.near
clump.cfd.pebble.num
clump.cfd.pebble.pebble
clump.cfd.pebble.typeid
clump.cfd.pebblelist
clump.cfd.pos
clump.cfd.typeid
CFD Elements
Commands
element cfd attribute command
element cfd extra command
element cfd group command
element cfd history command
element cfd initialize command
element cfd list command
FISH Functions
element.cfd.density
element.cfd.dragforce
element.cfd.edge.adjacentlist
element.cfd.edge.adjacentmap
element.cfd.extra
element.cfd.face.adjacent
element.cfd.face.adjacentlist
element.cfd.face.adjacentmap
element.cfd.face.num
element.cfd.find
element.cfd.group
element.cfd.group.remove
element.cfd.id
element.cfd.inbox
element.cfd.isgroup
element.cfd.list
element.cfd.near
element.cfd.node.adjacentlist
element.cfd.node.adjacentmap
element.cfd.node.num
element.cfd.node.pos
element.cfd.num
element.cfd.porosity
element.cfd.pos
element.cfd.presgradient
element.cfd.pressure
element.cfd.typeid
element.cfd.vel
element.cfd.viscosity
element.cfd.vol
C++ Plugins
Installing Qt
Contact Model Plug-ins
Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Model
Burger’s Contact Model Implementation
EEPA Model Implementation
Flat-Joint Model Implementation
Hertz Model Implementation
Hysteretic Model Implementation
JKR Model Implementation
Linear Contact Model Implementation
Linear Contact Bond Model Implementation
Linear Parallel Bond Model Implementation
Null Contact Model Implementation
Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model Implementation
Smooth-Joint Model Implementation
Soft-Bond Model Implementation
Spring Network Model Implementation
Programmer’s Interface
Examples
Tutorials
Balls in a Box
Clumps in a Box
Attributes and Properties
Using the CMAT
Generating a Bonded Assembly
Replicating a Particle Size Distribution
Inclusions in a Matrix
Hopper Discharge
Using FISH Callbacks
Table Tennis
Shallow Foundation
Slip on a Fault
Creation of a Synthetic Rock Mass (SRM) Specimen
FISH Contact Model
Verification Problems
Measure Logic
Strength of a Face-Centered Cubic Array of Spheres
Tip-Loaded Cantilever Beam
Linear Contact Model: Calibrating the Normal Critical Damping Ratio
Hertz Contact Model: Complex Loading Paths
Wave Propagation in Particle Assemblies
Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model: Single Ball on a Flat Surface
Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model: Repose Angle
Adhesive Rolling Resistance Linear Contact Model: Repose Angle
Burger’s Contact Model: Stress Relaxation
Sliding Wedge
Spring Network Contact Model Capabilities
Simulating Square Permanent Magnets
Pull-Test for a Grouted Cable Anchor in a PFC Rigid Block Model
Shear Pull-Tests for a Hybrid Bolt in PFC3D
Example Applications
Hopper Flow
Probing a Granular Specimen
Ribbon Blender
Fragmentation Analysis during a Uniaxial Compression with Crack Tracking Using Fractures
DFN Generation, Analysis, and Simplification
Rock Testing
Rigid Block Model of Flying Buttresses
Rigid Block Model of a Rockslide
Genesis and Testing of a Soft-Bonded Material
Simple Rigid Block Bonded-Block Modeling (BBM)
Rigid Block Model of Tunnel Excavation
Using the Rigid Body Spring Network Paradigm
Particle Inlets
Index: PFC Commands
Index: PFC FISH Functions
Examples Index
Command Index
FISH Index
Glossary
3DEC 7 for 3DEC 5.2 Users
Command and FISH Syntax
Materials
Large Strain
FISH
New Features in Version 7.0
Commands and Scripting
Plotting and User Interface
Model Building
Hybrid Bolts
Miscellaneous
Conversion of 5.2 and older Data Files
3DEC 5.2 to 7.0 Command Mapping
3DEC 5.2 to 7.0 FISH Mapping